Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Geography A2 > World Cities > Flashcards

World Cities Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
U.S. Geography flashcards World Geography flashcards
1
Q

World city

A

A city that has inflence over the whole world. Major centres for finance, trade, business, politics, culture, science, publishing and all asscoiated activities. Resource centres, learneding centres, specialists, magnets, cores with connections. MEDCs → LEDCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Millionaire city

A

Over 1 million inhavitants. Currently over 400 of these

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Mega city

A

Over 10 million inhabitants. Currently over 20 of these. 2/3 in developing world. Mostly in northern hemisphere, often on a coastline or large river.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cycle of urbanisation

A

Urbanisation → suburbanisation → counter-urbanisation → re-urbanisation

All happening in different parts of a city

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Urbanisation

A

a process of change whereby places and people become increasingly urban. 50% world urbanised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Urbanisation characteristics

A

change in economy, population, size, character, environment and lifestyle of settlements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Causes of urbanisation

A
  1. Rural - urban migration (young)
  2. Natural increase

PUSH FACTORS

  • Human activity and climate change - desertification
  • Crop failure
  • Conflict
  • Natural disasters
  • Change in landuse
  • Fewer people needed to work on farm - less jobs

PULL FACTORS

  • More employment
  • Better paid jobs
  • Better access to health and eductaion
  • Family
  • Perceived better quality of life
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Impacts of urbanisation

A
  • Not enough housing/expensive - increased demand for space, poor quality of life
  • Slums - poorly built, landslide/flood risk, lack of basic services, high risk of disease, little access to education → cycle of poverty
  • Infomal work, mistreating, low wages, poor conditions, little job security, dangerous
  • Congestion and air pollution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Management of urbanisation

A
  • New houses to replace slums
  • Improving slum services
  • Get residents involved in local areas
  • Redevloping areas of slum into independent townships
  • Difficult due to scale of problem
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Urbanisation case study 1: Mumbai → charactersitics and causes of urbanisation

A
  • West coast of India
  • Currently population over 20 million
  • India’s largest city
  • Population desnity of 21800/km2
  • Low taxes to encourage investment
  • Grew due to outsourcing of large western companies eg BT, port, manufacturing etc.
  • Growth problem due to peninsula
  • Split of rich (uni, towers, stocks, bollywood) and poor (informal housing, 1500 single room factories, over 1000 migrants per day)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Urbanisation case study 1: Mumbai → consequences

A

Dharavi - biggest slum in Asia - 1 million in 2km2

  • Up to 20 people per house
  • Open sewers - diptheria, typhoid and TB → 4000 cases each day
  • Sanitation poor - washing in contaminated water
  • Rubbish and rats
  • Strong sense of community
  • 15000 1 roomed factories making $1billion a year
  • High employment - cottage inductries eg soap, tanneries, potteries
  • Industry unregulated and illegal - cheap labour
  • Appalling work conditions - children as young as 12
  • Sort recycling with no protective clothong for less than £1 a day
  • e.g. Kumbharwada potters colony - 10000 live and work
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Urbanisation case study 1: Mumabi → solutions

A
  1. Buldoze slums and build 7-storey apartment blocks
  • Safer and healthier
  • Business has room to expand
  • Better standard of living and infrastructure
  • Less of an eyesore - tourism
  • Proper drainage
  • Not everyone entitled to a tennament - slums
  • Loss of jobs, business and community
  • Focus on money and profits, not people
  • Crowded living spaces
  • Long time
  • Outdoor spaces neglected
  • Temporary housing needed in the process
  1. Self-help schemes - LAs to provide basic building material to help improve homes→ electricity, water and sanitation
  • Maintain infrastructure themselves
  • Cleaner, healthier and safer
  • Improved community, same homes
  • Residents involved - cheaper
  • Won’t take as long
  • People don’t have the skills to build - teaching needed
  • $11 billion economy not expanding
  • Eyesore
  • Some won’t get involved → new migrants everyday
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Urbanisation case study 2: Bangalore → causes and characterstics

A
  • Centre of new technology, banking, finance and new economy.
  • 40% India’s 1.3 million workers in IT industry based here
  • 1990 economy liberalised and allowed overseas companies to locate - employment and population rose rapidly
  • Tradiational values found alongside urban growth
  • 1996 BA set up account operations in Bangalore - set off outsourcing trend in Bangalore. Wages 10% those in London.
  • Bangalore university provides a highly educated workforce - highest incomes in India
  • Increase in affluence, new shops, bars, cafes → 6 new malls, large investment banks
  • Develop out of town business parks
    *
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Urbanisation case study 2: Bangalore → Problems

A
  • Rich/poor caste system - low caste Dalits reomve human excrement from pits
  • Poor see few benefits of economic boom
  • Only highly skilled and educated gain jobs
  • Increased population puts more pressure on housing and services
  • Dalit children sit at the back of classrooms, prohiting education
  • Exploitation of cheap labour
  • 1/4 population in slums
  • Rents beyond workers on average pay
  • Air/noise pollution
  • Only 1/3 of 3000 tonnes waste collected
  • Contaminated water
  • Farming soils less fertiles due to pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Urbanisation case study 2: Bangalore → Solutions

A
  • Internationsla airport enlarged
  • Develop energy provision - provate generators needed due to power failures
  • Improve public transport - 5 million vehicles clog roads
  • Build more housing with lower prices
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Suburbanisation

A

The movement of people from living in the inner parts of a city to living on the outer edges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Suburbanisation causes

A

PUSH

  • Congestion
  • Pollution
  • Low quality of life
  • High land prices
  • Decrease in employment
  • Poor services
  • Crowded - saftey questionable

PULL

  • Open space
  • Lower land prices
  • Job opportunities
  • Transport provides access to city
  • Safer
  • Lower desnity housing
  • Better services
    *
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Effects of suburbanisation

A
  • Edge cities - office builiding built around suburban business districts and malls
  • Traffic congestion
  • Donut cities - economic activities into suburbs
  • Urban sprawl - green belt policies
  • Urban redeclopmnet
  • Urban smog
  • Social segreagtion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Suburbanisation case study 1: Los Angeles → Cuases of growth

A
  • Transport - transcontinental railway 1876, 1/2 million within 40 years, LAX 2010 6th busiest
  • Employment - oil, ford etc.
  • Image - film industry in Hollywood 1920s, 1960s Disneyland and Universal
  • Great affluence - choice, 60s/70s fastest population growth, sun belt of California
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Suburbanisation case study 1: Los Angeles → Problems

A
  1. Suburbanisation
  • 14 million
  • Better quality of life
  • Transport - electric tram 20s/30s can live further away from work, freeways allow driving into CBD, 1980s petrol cheap → less than $1 per gallon, 1980s as far as San Bernadino - 2 hours
  • LA declined
  • Dormitary settlements
  1. Urban smog
  • 10 million car owners
  • Trap pollution above LA (high pressure systems)
  • Cause health hazards eg asthma
  • Poor public transport - 2005 10.2% used compared to 40% in LOndon. 1.7 millioj journeys a day
  1. Donut cities and edge cities
  • Long established car factories closed due to competition from overseas
  • Businessed follwed people out - more space, cheaper land, lower tax
  • Umemployment in inner city and dereliction
  • Edge cities e.g. Ontario developing freeways - little contact with city
  1. Social segregation
  • Deprived in centre, wealthy in suburbs
  • High income in small clusters
  • Ethnic enclaves
  1. Other
  • Water - piped from 350km away - 50% evaporated before reaching city
  • Water - 50000 tonnes produced per day - despost scheme 25% refund for container
  • Energy - air con, over 45oC 2010 blackouts

*

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Countwe urbanisation

A

The migration of people from major urban areas to smaller towns, villages or rual areas - often leapforgging the green belt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Causes of counter urbanisation

A
  • Keen to escape air pollution, dirt and crime
  • Cheaper housing and more land
  • Car ownership and greater affluence allow people to commute to work - employment moves out of cities due to improvements in technology
  • Demand for second homes and early retirement into rural areas
  • Rural areas attract income - farmers sell unwanted land and buildings
23
Q

Impacts of counter urbanisation

A
  • Increase in use of transport eg commuter railway systems
  • Increased value of houses
  • More expensive housing built on new builidng land following demolition of old buildings
  • More concersions of former farm builidings
  • Affects layout of rural settlements
  • Can create tensions between newcomers and locals
  • Closure of local services - wealth and mobility
  • Contributes to social and demographic change - rural turn around → out/in young/affluent
24
Q

Counter urbanisation case study: St.Ives, Cambridgeshire → Charactersistics

A
  • 100km North of London
  • 1961 population 3800 → 2010, 16400
  • Close to A1 and railway - accessible
  • 1/4 of working population commute to London
  • 50mins to King’s Cross
  • Increased in 1990s as main line was electrified
25
Q

Counter urbanisation case study: St.Ives, Cambridgeshire → Impacts and management

A

IMPACTS

  • Traffic congestion - rush hour A14
  • Avergae price of a detatched house £130000 → £291000 2000-2010 - commuters have higher wages than locals
  • 1000 properties at risk of flooding due to building on floodplain
  • More shops and services - designer
  • Changed population structure - ageing → young people

MANAGEMENT

  • 2010 built 200 new homes - 75 affordable
  • Expand primary schools - 240 more places
  • Flood protection works - £8.8 million
  • £116 million guided busway to reduce London commuters
  • Pressure on schools etc.
26
Q

Causes of urban decline

A
  1. Social decline
  • Migration, better employment opportunities 1951-1981 UK’s largest conurbation lost 35% population
  • Small towns/rural areas → counter urbanisation
  • Changes in residential preferences and accessibility
  • Younger, more affluent left - economic → social decline
  1. Inner city high-rise development
  • HIgh rise flats dislikes - 1960s/70s feature of inner city renewal
  • Run down old housing and unpopular new housing
  1. Political decline
  • Low electroral turn outs - feel rejected
  • Far right parties elected
  1. Environmental decline
  • Physical environment of inner city is poor - housing, empty and derelict, vacant factories, overgrown
  • Vandalism, graffiti, flytipping
  • Bleak concrete dominated landscape
  • 19th century housing replaced by housing estates
  1. Economic decline
  • Movement of employment to smaller urban areas (1960-1981 - 1.6 million maunfacturing jobs lost in major urban areas)
  • Growth of service industries
  • Shortage of land and no technology (overseas) for manufacturing (Liverpool inner city 1994 50% unemployed - poorly skilled, ethnic minorities)
  • Cars - migrate to suburbs
27
Q

Urban deprivation

A

Inequalities found in urban areas

28
Q

Social segregation

A

Segregation of socio-economic and different ethnic groups within a city (devlops within particular market, changing environment, ethnic dimension)

29
Q

Urban social exculsion

A

Problems faced by residents in areas of deprivation, excluded by social and physical circumstances. Poor educaion - unemployment, bad housing, poor health and poor environment.

30
Q

Factors influencing CBD decline

A
  • Rise in car ownership - mobility
  • Planning - urban expansion and out of town development
  • Greenfield sites attract investment
  • Peripheral locations are cheaper and the suburbs are generally more affluent
  • Good access and pleasant environment
  • Upkeep in CBD expensive - Meadowhall £217 per m2 per year, Oxford stree £4400 2009
  • Unco-ordinated investment in city centres
  • Congestion causes CBD access to be reduced
  • Suburbanisation = donut city/dead heart
  • CIty centres dirty and unsafe
    *
31
Q

Redevelopment of urban centres case study: Manchester City Centre → Causes of decline

A
  • Manchester was an important industrial city in 19th and 20th centuries
  • 1960s onwards, industrial activities decreased and many moved out
  • Arndale centre built 1975 to help redevelop
  • Population still declining → 1980s
  • 1996 IRA bomb damaged much of the CBD → Arndale Centre and Royal Exchange Theatre
  • Redevelopment needed to repair damage and bring people back (Trafford Centre opening)
32
Q

Redevelopment of urban centres case study: Manchester City Centre → Redevelopment and success

A

MANCHESTER MILLENIUM LTD:

  • Aimed to redesign and rebuild large parts of the CBD to create a safe and accessible centre - to live, shop and entertain and also to cause long-term investment
  • Old buildinsg were renovated eg Corn Exchnage - now and upmarket mall selling designer goods
  • Rundown and unattractive buildings rebuilt and restyled eg Arndale Centre
  • Upmarket department stores opened eg Selfridges
  • Pedestrianisation eg Exchange Square - open to meet and socialise
  • Printworks entertainment complex built on site of an old printing press - IMAX, gym, resturant, bars, nightclub
  • Urbis - exhibition centre - National Football Museum - built in Cathedral gardens
  • Other builidings constructed/renovated - old industrial builidngs turned into new residences

SUCCESS

  • 2003-2009 population doubled to over 19000, 3rd most popular UK destination, tourism added £5billion to economy each year, retail made £300million extra per year (jobs too)
  • 2001 - 16% of population on low incomes - excluded from city centre as can’t afford new facilities, tensions, jobs not accessible due to skills
33
Q

Reurbanisation

A

The movement of people into the city centre or inner part of the city as part of urban regeneration

34
Q

Cayses of reurbanisation

A

Inomovement of individuals into older housing that was in a state of disrepair (gentrification)

Inomvement of people as part of a large-scale investment aimed at urban regeneration

35
Q

Urban regeration case study 1: Gentrification in Notting Hill → Causes of decline

A
  • Mid-18th century, Notting Hill was a country hamlet
  • Industrialisation brought workers from the countryside
  • Victorian times - rough working class area, 1950s - slums and inner city deprovation, 1958 race riots
36
Q

Urban regeneration case study 1: Gentrification in Notting Hill → Success

A
  • Over 30 years, gentrification caused property prices to rocket - can cost more than Mayfair
  • London’s most desirable area for families due to secluded gardens
  • Movie stars and media types moved in
  • Movie also provided publicity
  • Fashionable places to eat : Veronica’s (2000 year old menus) and Westbourne pub (trendy)
  • Portabella Road - famoud street market - whole range
  • Largest carnival outside Rio
  • More affluent, more bars, more employment
  • But locals can’t afford → tensions, rented sector decline
37
Q

Urabn regeneration case study 2: Property-led regeneraryion 1981-1998 London Docklands → Causes of Decline

A
  • 1950s London was the buiset port in the world
  • Many changes to improvemenst in technology meant the docks were virtually abandoned and derelict
  • 1980s docks closed, few jobs, over 1/2 land derelict
  • Many 19th century houses need urgent repair, transport poor and lack of basic services
  • London Dockland Devleopment Corporation set ip to try to imrpve economy, social and environmental conditions
38
Q

Urabn regeneration case study 2: Property-led regeneration 1981-1998 London Docklands → success

A

ECONOMIC REGENERATION

  • Number of jobs increased from 27000 in 1981 to 90000 in 2000
  • New firms and finanicial instituations eg stock exchange, ITV studios
  • Newspaper offices attracted to new high-rise developments in prestigious Canary Warf busisness complex
  • 29km long Docklands Light Railway, M11 link and city airport

SOCIAL REGENERATION

  • 22000 new homes - luxury falts in former warehouses
  • 10000 refurbished local authority terraced houses
  • Post-16 college for new uni of East London
  • New leisure facilities: watersports marina and national indoor sports centre
  • Several huge shopping malls
  • Newham Council - low-cost housing → resident population 39000 → over 85000 and owner occupied from 5% → 40%

ENVIRONMENTAL REGENERATION

  • 750 hectares derelict land reclaimed
  • 200000 tress and 130 hecatres new space created

DRAWBACKS

  • Local residents can’t afford expenisve new flats - shortage of low-cost housing
  • Few jobs in new high-tech industries - demand skills that former dock workers do not possess
  • Not enough services for growing and ageing population
  • More economic success, not social
39
Q

Urban Regeneration Case Study 3: City Challenge Partnershop in East Manchester → Causes of Decline

A
  • In the past, a manufacturing industry
  • From 1970s, economic decline set in due to competition from abroad
  • Factories closed and 60% employment lost 1975-1985
  • Area became abandonded, derelict and depressed → 13% population loss 90s, 20% vacant properties
  • 1990s, East Mancherster one of the most deproved areas in the UK
40
Q

Urban Regeneration Case Study 3: City Challenge Partnership in East Manchester → Success

A

EAST MANCHESTER REGENERATION 2000-2008

  • Designated by government in 2000, New East Manchester Ltd. worked with local partner organisations to produce plans of regeneration for the area
  • ‘Regernation Framework 2000-2008’ → second plan implemented 2018
  • Aims: redevelop town centres, build 12500 new homes, establish a business park, world-class sporting facility - ‘Sport City’, improve public transport, education and environment, attract 30000 newcomers to the area

JOBS, TRAINING AND SKILLS

  • Several projects created since 2000 to support local residents by improving literacy and ICT skills and giving advice on finance
  • Work placements, volunteering schemes and apprenticeships available - 100s found alternative employment in the area

TRANSPORT

  • Metrolink Light Rail Tram Network extended to East Manchester with stations under construction to act as pedestrian ‘hubs’ with easy public access
  • Bus services, footpaths and cycle ways improved and extended

SPORTCITY: EUROPE’S PREMIER SPORT COMPLEX

  • City of Manchester stadium built to host Commonwealth games 2002 and home to Manchester City FC
  • Other world class facilities - outdoor and indoor athletics arenas, National Squash and National Cycling Centres
  • 350 new apartments constructed along Ashton Canal

SUCCESS

  • 60% residents said area is improving
  • 68% satisifed with developments
  • Unemployment 14.2% 1998 → 5.7% 2007
  • Large retailers - Asda, Matalan and Next to ara - over 300 jobs for locals
  • Huge amount of devlopment acheived

DRAWBACKS

  • 40% said area not improving
  • Another regeneration framework needed to creat sustainable neighbourhoods and tackle crime
  • More social than economic success
41
Q

How have retail habits chaned over the last 50 years?

A

Used to be corner shops and higher value goods purchased in town by car

1970s = supermarkets

1980s = out of town shoppung

21st century = e-commerce

42
Q

Factors affecting retail change

A
  • Increased mobility - cars, parking in CBD expensive, out of town shopping, petrol stations = local shop
  • Changing nature of shoppung habits - weekly shop, freezer, ready meals
  • Changing expectation of shopping habits - leisure acitvity, combine with cinema etc.
43
Q

Impact of decentralisation on city centres

A
  • Less people and pollution
  • Less congestion
  • More housing
  • New shopping malls
  • Less income
  • Increase in emissions on roads into town
  • Without a car = little access
  • Vacancises → 2010 N England 22% shops vacant
  • Loss of jobs
44
Q

Impact of decentralisation on rural-urban fringe

A
  • More income for locals
  • Long-term employment
  • Less commuting
  • Revitalised brownfield sites
  • Prices rise
  • Increase in emissions and congestion
  • Construction disruptive
  • Noise and air pollution
  • Closure of small nearby shops
45
Q

Out of town shopping case study: Trafford Centre, Manchester

A
  • Opened 1998
  • Built on brownfield site in industrial area of Trafford PArk
  • 5 miles West of Manchester city centre
  • Covers 150 acres
  • Coat £660million
  • Over 200 shops, 1600 seat food court, 20 screen cinema, crazy golf, 10-pin bowling, lazer quest and indoor climbing wall
  • Close to M60 and M602
  • Direct buses from Manchester
  • 11500 free car park spaces and traffic control system
  • Indoors and air conditioned
  • Long opening hours
46
Q

Out of town shopping case study: Trafford Centre, Manchester → Impact on surrounding area

A
  • Supports local community projects and charities eg Royal Manchester Children’s hospital thorugh fundraising and donations
  • Provides work experience for local school students studying retail business
  • 8000 jobs and healthcare and childcare vouchers benefits
  • Growing - more customers and economic benefits eg LegoLand discovery centre 2010
  • Most drove → conegstion and pollution → busy periods eg Christmas
  • Fewer people visit surrounding town centres - can’t offer same advantages e.g. Altricham 27% shops vacant 2010 → national average = 13%
  • Centre is investing in improving public trandport, cycle and pedestrian routes to reduce traffic. 40 bus services an hour and shittle bus to Metrolink tram system
  • 2011 - Altrichan Forward produced Altricham Town Centre Action Plan to draw people to town - events and reducing parking charges
47
Q

Methods of waste disposal

A
  1. Landfill → simple, unpleasant smell → vermin, leakage of toxic chemicals
  2. Incineration → burnt to heat and gas, heat can be used, reduces waste size, gets rid of surgical products to prevent disease, expenisve and generates greenhouse gases
  3. Physical reproccessing → collection and reuse, easy, needs sorting
  4. Biological reprocessing → organic material composted, no cost, can attract vermin, difficult in small gardens
  5. Energy recovery → energy content of waste can be harvested - renewable energy, difficult
  6. Waste reduction methods - prevention of creation of waster, second hand and repairing, cheap, difficult to enforce
48
Q

Waste management case study 1: Recycling contract in Cambridgeshire

A
  • £730million contracr - 1000s tonnes waste to be composted or recycled
  • 28 year contract between Cambridgeshire county council and Donarbon Waste Management Ltd.
  • £35m from government
  • State-of-the-art Mechanical Biological Treatment Plant, sorting recylable material from ‘black bag’ → compost-like material
  • NOT an alternative to kerbside recycling
  • Will acheive 50% recycled target by 2020, but £7m still spent per year on landfill
49
Q

Waste management case study 2: Peterborough Electrical Applicance Recycling Programme (EARP)

A
  • Residents generate 300000 old electrical items for disposal per year
  • EARP by Peterborough county council, Compass Ltd, UKCeed, HP and Merloni
  • White goods and small electrical items collected by take-back schemes, waste collections and banks
  • Each item is barcoded and either reused (tested for faults and repaired) or recycled (broken into parts)
  • Catalyst for community volunteering and training for disadvantaged people
  • Expensive
50
Q

Waste management case study 3: Waste in Singapore

A
  • Population 4.8 million → 2006 target 60% recycled by 2012
  • Agreement with food and drinks insudtry to reduce packaging
  • Residents to separate rubbish, food wate composted and woodwaste → chipboard
  • Charges for disposal of contrsuction waste high
  • Other combustable waste → incinerator and electrical generator. Reduces waste by 90% (Semakau landfill site)
51
Q

Transport problems and management approaches

A
  • Suburbanisation/counterurbanisation → commuters
  • 2010 800million vehicles in UK
  • Over 30% of households own 2+ cars (large commuting workforce, economic growth, drive rather than walk)

APPROACHES

  1. Road schemes and restrcited access → congestion charge London 2003, London M25 recucing congestion, but more roads = more cars
  2. Road traffic management schemes → widening, park and ride, bypasses, ringroads, restricted vehicukar access, 1-way system
  3. Streamlining of public transport
  4. New mass transit systems
52
Q

Trandport managemrnt case study 1: Streamlining or public transport - Merseytravel

A
  • In Merseyside
  • 1/3 area’s population live within 1km of a Merseyrail station → city centre
  • Operates in difficukt geographical area - Wirral peninsula
  • 3 main lines
  • Constant new initatives eg new stations
53
Q

Transport management case study 2: Mancheter Metrolink (trams)

A
  • Opened 1992 from Bury → Altricham (18 stations)
  • Extended 2000-2008 and plans to extend further to airport etc.
  • Connected to main railway at Picadilly and Victoria
  • Every 5 min during peak times, 12-15 off-oeak
  • 32 vehicles make 52000 journeys a day - 19 million every year → 3.5 million car journeys prevented a year
54
Q

Transport management case study 3: London transport system

A
  • Underground 1863 - not slowed by traffic, frequent, 600 per train
  • Bus lanes
  • Traffic congestion due to increase in use of private cars - 2million into city per day and tourists 28million per year, also a pass through point → Congestion chage 17 February 2003 - extended to West London 19 February 2007 → deter and raise funds → £10 a day per vehicle 7am-6pm Monday - Friday
  • Electronic ticketing - osyster card → frees up queues, cheap fares, encourage public transport
  • Ringroad M25 avoids travel thorugh city and Park and Rides
  • Rail stations further out
  • Eurostar 1994 → 50km channel tunnel, 300km/hr
  • Crossrail 2018 - 118km Maindehead → Heathrow >1500 passengers
  • 1.5 million extra within 45 mins
  • Air - Luton, Standstead, London City, Heathrow and Gatwick - rail and motorway connections

Geography A2 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions