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age of dinos > World Archaeology > Flashcards

World Archaeology Flashcards

Midterm 1

1
Q

Archaeologist

A
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2
Q

Antiquarian

A

interest in ancient objects as items, not about what they can tell about past peoples/cultures

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3
Q

Anthropology

A

the study of human beings

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4
Q

Cultural Anthropology

A

study of living societies

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5
Q

Linguistics

A

world languages

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6
Q

Biological Anthropology

A

humans evolution and physiology

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7
Q

Archaeology

A

the study of the modern day archaeological record to make inferences about past human behavior

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8
Q

Archaeological record

A

objects and features modified by people in the past, but which have survived until the present

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9
Q

Systematic context

A

the manufacture, use, and discard of material remains (physical items) by living people

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10
Q

Archaeological context

A

the broken, decayed remnants and by-products of the material remains that survives until the present

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11
Q

Artifact

A

a portable object made, used, or modified by human activity

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12
Q

Feature

A

a non-portable item; a thing built or modified by people

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13
Q

Ecofact

A

environmental remains (pollen, bones, plant seeds)

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14
Q

General Theory

A

attempts to explain specific event or condition, specific pattern or class of events, and long-term processes

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15
Q

Middle Range Theory

A

a body of theories used to link the physical record of archaeology to the processes that created those records

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16
Q

Ethnoarchaeology

A

study of living people to understand relationship between human behavior and material culture

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17
Q

Taphonomy

A

study of cultural and natural processes that lead to the formation and alteration of the archaeological record

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18
Q

Medieval Perspective Phase (Before 1492)

A

no need for archaeology because everything about the past was in the bible

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19
Q

Speculative Period Phase (1492-1860)

A

recognition of changing earth–no systematic research or training, “armchair” researchers and mythical/ religious explanations used to explain Indigenous presences

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20
Q

Proto-archaeology Phase

A

asks archaeological questions–develop of systems for artifact description and classification, formal training at colleges

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21
Q

professional archaeology

A

intensification of study of past cultures–becomes systematic and professional

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22
Q

James Hutton

A

English naturalist who proposed uniformitarianism

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23
Q

George Cuvier

A

French anatomist who realized extinct animals, introduced catastrophism

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24
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

gradual natural processes created the Earth we know (wind/water erosion, glacier movement, deposition, volcanism)

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25
Q

Charles Lyell

A

English geologist, estimated much older date for the age of earth

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26
Q

Charles Darwin

A

English naturalist, developed theory of evolution

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27
Q

Three age system

A

stone, bronze, iron–can be used to tell how old something is

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28
Q

Christian Thomsen

A

Dutch archaeologist created three-age system

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29
Q

Stratigraphy

A

sequence of stacked geologic layers

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30
Q

Law of Superposition

A

the oldest unit is on the bottom and the youngest at the top (in undisturbed strata)

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31
Q

Artifact seriation

A

organizing objects into a time-series based changes in morphology

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32
Q

cultural evolution

A

stages of human evolution, improvements of mind, morals, technology and society–savagery, barbarianism, civilization

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33
Q

context

A

physical location and circumstances of place of discovery of archaeological artifacts, deposits, features or sites

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34
Q

matrix

A

sediment/soil as well as artifacts, features, and other remains at an archaeological site

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35
Q

provenience

A

the recorded 3D position of archaeological remains

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36
Q

association

A

spatial proximity of artifacts or features resulting from contemporaneous deposition

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37
Q

primate

A

order that includes humans, apes, monkeys, tarsiers, lemurs, and lorises

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38
Q

primitive traits

A

traits inherited from distant ancestors (grasping hands/feet, erect posture, generalized diet and teeth)

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39
Q

derived traits

A

traits developed more recently, different from ancestors (like smaller canines)

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40
Q

hominid

A

humans and other non-human apes

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41
Q

hominin

A

members of the human lineage (bipedal apes)

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42
Q

bipedalism

A

walking on two limbs

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43
Q

quadruped

A

walking on 4 limbs

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44
Q

foramen magnum

A

hole at the base of the skull where the spine connects

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45
Q

vertebral column curve

A

s-shaped spine which allows for upright posture and bipedal locomotion

46
Q

femur

A

large leg bone, head of femur in bipeds is <90 degrees

47
Q

pelvis

A

ape pelvis is narrow cylinder, human is broad bowl (see lecture 6 slide)

48
Q

foot

A

human big toe is larger, not opposable, not prehensile

49
Q

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

A

oldest type of basal hominin, near split from chimps

50
Q

basal hominins

A

7-4 mya, all are probably ape-hominin transitional species

51
Q

robust hominins

A

type of hominin not related to us, large sagittal crest, likely used tools

52
Q

gracile hominins

A

some species related to us, not all, smaller jaw/teeth, tool use, omnivorous diet (see lecture 7)

53
Q

Laetoli footprints

A
54
Q

sagittal crest

A

large crest at top of skull where large jaw muscles connected to

55
Q

Genus Homo

A
56
Q

Phyletic relationship

A

classifying species by similarities and time

57
Q

descendent

A
58
Q

ancestor

A
59
Q

clade

A

closely related group

60
Q

Hard hammer percussion

A
61
Q

bipolar anvils

A
62
Q

Lomekwi tools

A

primarily flakes and hammerstone, little prep/planning in design, tools made by smashing rocks together

63
Q

Oldowan tools

A

made of locally available stone, easy to make, used for a short time and not carried far

64
Q

Acheulean industry

A
65
Q

chopper

A

like modern cleaver, not for sharp cutting but strong chopping

66
Q

flakes

A

sharp tool used for cutting (like scalpel)

67
Q

hammerstone

A

like modern hammer, hit things hard

68
Q

percussion marks

A

impact marks to extract boen marrow

69
Q

cut marks

A

marks made for slicing meat or disarticulating bones

70
Q

hunting

A

first access, kill living animal

71
Q

active scavenging

A

middle access, utilizing carcasses killed by other predators or died of natural causes (bipedalism lets hominins search while predators are resting), tools allow quick access to meat parts

72
Q

passive scavenging

A

taking leftovers from large predators

73
Q

WY 1500 skeleton

A

most complete H. ergaster skeleton, was a 9-11 years old boy and 5 foot 4, assumed adult size was 6 foot one (very large)

74
Q

Homo ergaster/erectus

A

first hominin to leave Africa, many modern skeleton traits

75
Q

Movius line

A

boundary signaling different technologies used by different groups of same species

76
Q

3 ways items leave the material record?

A
76
Q

What are the benefits of focusing on material remains to study human behavior?

A
77
Q

What can material remains tell us about human behavior that text cannot?

A
78
Q

How does a western interest in archaeology differ from non-western interest in ancient artifacts and sites?

A

non-western societies had no formal study of the past, they had strong spiritual and religious connections with ruins and artifacts

79
Q

How did archaeology develop as a field of study?

A

gradual steps: big questions answered about age of earth/evolution, then basic methods of stratification and dating (basically building off other sciences)

80
Q

How did biblical accounts influence the way early researchers study the past?

A

no need to research because the bible explains it all!

81
Q

What types of theoretical, methodological, and fieldwork discoveries in Europe during 19th century resulted in basic questioning of religious tenets?

A

earth and humanity was not young, bible was not a complete history, and species continually change (not placed by God as they were)

82
Q

What key changes in the way archaeology was done in the later 1800s and early 1900s occurred that made it a more professional (modern) area of study?

A

there was formal training, systems for description and classification of artifacts, and application of geology ideas

83
Q

What are some of the key problems with the applications of ideas of cultural evolution?

A

applies judgement of intelligence/morals, justifies racial biases, included biased applications of ‘scientific’ investigations

84
Q

Why is context important to an archaeologist?

A

where objects are found and how they are positions provides lots of info

85
Q

What are the six key traits that define primates?

A

grasping hands/feet, shift of claws to nails, increased reliance on eyesight (less on smell), emphasized use of hind limbs, tendency for erect posture, generalized diet and teeth

86
Q

What are two primary characteristics of hominins?

A

habitual bipedal locomotion, smaller teeth

87
Q

What are secondary characteristics of hominins?

A

bigger brain, tool use, social complexity, agriculture, use of symbols

88
Q

What are the key skeletal changes associated with bipedalism?

A

foramen magnum moves lower, femur bends less of 90 degrees, s-shaped spine

89
Q

What major environmental change in Africa is associated with the appearance of hominins?

A
90
Q

When did apes first appear?

A

57-90 mya

91
Q

When did the first hominins appear?

A

6 mya?

92
Q

What are the key traits of basal hominins?

A
93
Q

What are the key traits of robust hominins?

A

bipedal, small brains, sexual dimorphism, powerful jaws, huge teeth, large sagittal crest, specialized diet, tool use

94
Q

What are the key traits of gracile hominins?

A

more efficient bipedal locomotion, larger brains (450-870cc), smaller jaw and teeth, omnivorous diet, tool use

95
Q

What animals other than hominins use tools?

A

chimps, macaques, capuchin monkeys, otters

96
Q

When did hominins begin using tools?

A

3.3 mya

97
Q

What are the minimum requirement to use tools?

A

focused attention, simple planning, visual learning, muscle memory, abstract thinking, visualization, creativity, some strength, hand-eye coordination, fine motor skills

98
Q

Which early hominins were likely tool user?

A

Homo and paranthropus

99
Q

What are the key characteristics of Oldowan tools?

A

easy to make, used short time, basic fracture mechanic understanding, made of locally available stone

100
Q

How did early hominins get meat?

A

hunting, active scavenging

101
Q

What key cranial and post-cranial skeletal changes are associated with Homo ergaster/erectus?

A

large brains >600 cc, language and symbol use, human-like hand and opposable thumb, use of tools (also see lecture 9)

102
Q

Why is the consumption of meat associated with many of the skeletal changes with the appearance of Homo ergaster/erectus?

A

teeth and jaw like us, gut changed, brain and bodies larger

103
Q

What social/behavioral changes occurred with the appearance of Homo ergaster/erectus?

A

young and sick individuals provided care, families lived in houses, worked around camp fires

104
Q

How did Acheulean tools differ from Oldowan tools?

A

had tools for different tasks, had intentional design, carried further, regionally variable

105
Q

When did hominins first migrate out of Africa, and which hominin was the first to do this?

A

Homo erectus/ergaster about 2 mya

106
Q

Why were early hominins able to migrate into SW Asia so quickly when they left Africa?

A

the climate wasn’t that different, could use the same technology

107
Q

What factor constrains the migration of early hominins into northern latitudes?

A

colder conditions and food availability during colder seasons

108
Q

What technologies are necessary for hominins to move into northern latitudes?

A

clothing, shelter, fire, hunting

109
Q

When did hominins first use fire?

A

1 mya first, definitely at 700,000 yrs

age of dinos (2 decks)

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