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BT 10x > Workshop > Flashcards

Workshop Flashcards

1
Q

What does Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) state?

A

The algebraic sum of currents entering and leaving a node at any instant of time must be equal to zero.

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2
Q

What is the equation representing Kirchhoff’s Current Law?

A

I = I1 + I2 + I3

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3
Q

What does Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) state?

A

In a closed circuit, the algebraic sum of all source voltages must be equal to the algebraic sum of all the voltage drops.

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4
Q

What is the equation representing Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law?

A

V = V1 + V2 + V3

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5
Q

What is Thevenin’s Theorem?

A

A complex, linear bilateral network can be replaced by a simple network containing a Voltage source Vth in series with a resistance Rth.

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6
Q

What is the significance of Vth in Thevenin’s Theorem?

A

Vth is the open circuit voltage between the terminals from where the circuit is being replaced.

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7
Q

What does Rth represent in Thevenin’s Theorem?

A

Rth is the equivalent resistance between the terminals after replacing all sources by their internal resistances.

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8
Q

What is the principle of Superposition Theorem?

A

In any linear bilateral network, the resultant current/voltage in any branch is the algebraic sum of currents/voltages caused by each independent source acting alone.

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9
Q

What is true power in an AC circuit?

A

The power actually consumed in an AC circuit, also known as Real power or Active power.

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10
Q

How is Active power calculated?

A

P = V x I x cos(Ø)

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11
Q

What is Reactive power?

A

Power consumed in inductor and capacitor, calculated as Q = V x I x sin(Ø).

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12
Q

What does Apparent power represent?

A

Apparent power is given by S = VI volt-amperes (VA).

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13
Q

What is the formula for Reactive power?

A

Q = VI sin(Ø) volt-amperes reactive (VAR).

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14
Q

What is the definition of a node in electrical circuits?

A

A point in a circuit where two or more circuit elements are connected.

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15
Q

What is the difference between Electric network and Electric circuit?

A

An electric network is a combination of various components, while an electric circuit is a closed path through which current flows.

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16
Q

Fill in the blank: The algebraic sum of current meeting at a node is ______.

A

zero

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17
Q

True or False: KVL can be verified by measuring voltages across resistors in a closed loop.

A

True

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18
Q

What equipment is used to measure power in a single-phase AC circuit?

A

Wattmeter

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19
Q

What type of load is considered pure resistive in AC circuits?

A

Incandescent lamp (Conventional Bulb)

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20
Q

What is the relationship between voltage and current in terms of phase angle in AC circuits?

A

The current I lags the applied voltage V by angle φ.

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21
Q

What is the purpose of the observation tables in the experiments?

A

To record and compare theoretical and experimental values of currents and voltages.

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22
Q

In Superposition Theorem, what happens to a voltage source when it is removed?

A

The terminals are short-circuited.

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23
Q

In Superposition Theorem, what happens to a current source when it is removed?

A

The terminals are open-circuited.

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24
Q

What is the procedure to verify Thevenin’s Theorem?

A

Measure load current with the original circuit and with the Thevenin equivalent circuit, then compare the values.

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25
Q

What is the formula for calculating Active Power in a single phase A.C. circuit?

A

P = VI cos(Ø)

Where P is Active Power, V is voltage, I is current, and Ø is the phase angle.

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26
Q

What instruments are used to measure Active Power in a single phase A.C. circuit?

A

Wattmeters

Wattmeters measure the Active Power based on the formula P = VI cos(Ø).

27
Q

What type of load is an incandescent lamp considered?

A

Pure resistive

This is because its inductance and capacitance are negligible.

28
Q

How can the power factor of an unknown load be calculated?

A

cos(Ø) = P / VI

Where P is the Active Power measured.

29
Q

What is the purpose of the observation table in the experiment?

A

To record readings of voltmeter, ammeter, and wattmeter

This helps in calculating errors and analyzing power measurement.

30
Q

What is the efficiency formula for a transformer?

A

Efficiency = (W2 / W1) * 100

Where W2 is output power and W1 is input power.

31
Q

What types of losses occur in a practical transformer?

A
  • Cu loss
  • Core/Iron loss

These losses result in the output being less than the input power.

32
Q

What is the Open-Circuit test used for?

A

To determine core losses and no-load current

It is performed with the secondary winding open.

33
Q

What is measured during the Short-Circuit test of a transformer?

A

Full load Cu loss

This test is performed with the secondary winding short-circuited.

34
Q

What is the significance of the no-load current (I0) in a transformer?

A

It shows the core or iron losses

The no-load current is typically very small, about 2% to 5% of the rated primary current.

35
Q

What is the core loss resistance formula?

A

Rc = V0 / I0

Where V0 is the voltage at open circuit and I0 is the no-load current.

36
Q

What is the relationship between Output Power and Input Power in a transformer?

A

Output Power = Input Power - Copper loss - Core loss

This relationship is essential for calculating efficiency.

37
Q

What does the term ‘Voltage Regulation’ of a transformer refer to?

A

Percentage voltage regulation = ((E2 - V2) / V2) × 100

It indicates the change in voltage when the load varies.

38
Q

What is the purpose of using a variac in transformer testing?

A

To gradually change the supplied voltage

This is necessary to reach the rated primary voltage of the transformer.

39
Q

What is a PN junction diode?

A

A two-terminal electronic device that allows current in only one direction

Formed by doping semiconductors to create p-type and n-type regions.

40
Q

What condition allows current to flow in a forward-biased PN junction diode?

A

When the external voltage exceeds the potential barrier

Approximately 0.7 volts for silicon and 0.3 volts for germanium.

41
Q

What is the depletion layer in a PN junction diode?

A

A region where no charge carriers are present

Formed at the junction of p-type and n-type materials.

42
Q

What is the effect of applying a negative voltage to the N-type material in a forward-biased diode?

A

It repels electrons towards the junction

This energy helps electrons cross the junction, allowing current flow.

43
Q

What is the forward bias condition of a PN junction diode?

A

When a negative voltage is applied to the N-type material and a positive voltage to the P-type material

44
Q

What occurs when the external voltage exceeds the potential barrier in a forward-biased diode?

A

Current starts to flow through the diode

45
Q

What is the knee voltage for silicon and germanium diodes?

A
  • Silicon: approx. 0.7 volts
  • Germanium: approx. 0.3 volts
46
Q

What happens to a diode above the knee point in forward bias?

A

It effectively becomes a short circuit, allowing infinite current

47
Q

What is the reverse bias condition of a PN junction diode?

A

When a positive voltage is applied to the N-type material and a negative voltage to the P-type material

48
Q

What is the effect of reverse bias on the depletion layer of a PN junction diode?

A

The depletion layer grows wider due to a lack of electrons

49
Q

What is the typical current flow through a reverse-biased diode?

A

Practically zero current, with a very small leakage current in micro-amperes

50
Q

Fill in the blank: The characteristic curve of a forward-biased diode shows zero current until the _______.

A

knee voltage

51
Q

What apparatus is required to verify truth tables of basic gates?

A

Training board Model no NV6551 consisting of AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, and XNOR gates

52
Q

What do electronic gates require to operate?

A

A power supply

53
Q

What are the two nominal values that represent logic 0 and logic 1 in electronic gates?

A
  • 0V: Logic 0
  • 5V: Logic 1
54
Q

What is a Zener diode?

A

A type of semiconductor diode that operates in the reverse breakdown region

55
Q

What is the Zener voltage?

A

The voltage at which a Zener diode allows current to flow in the reverse direction

56
Q

What are the applications of Zener diodes?

A
  • Voltage regulation
  • Voltage reference applications
57
Q

What do De Morgan’s First Theorem state?

A

(A+B)’ = A’.B’

58
Q

What do De Morgan’s Second Theorem state?

A

(A.B)’ = A’+B’

59
Q

What is the principle of De Morgan’s Theorems?

A

They allow negation of input variables and conversion from one form of Boolean function to an opposite form

60
Q

What is the significance of the output in a logic gate?

A

There is typically one output representing either logic 0 or logic 1

61
Q

True or False: De Morgan’s Theorems can be verified using truth tables.

A

True

62
Q

What is the difference between SOP and POS?

A
63
Q

What is the procedure to verify the truth table of logic gates?

A

Connect the circuit as per the diagram and note the outputs for all combinations of inputs

BT 10x (1 decks)

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