working scientifically

Question 1

what is it called when you read the measurement not at eye level

Answer 1

parallax error

Question 2

how to overcome parallax error

Answer 2

use a digital measurer to get reading from a display

Question 3

what is it called when results vary randomly

Answer 3

random error

Question 4

examples of random error

Answer 4

• use equipment wrong
• misread reading
• reaction time eg stopwatch
• change in room temperature

Question 5

how to overcome random error

Answer 5

take more measurements and calculate mean

Question 6

what is it called when results vary consistently

Answer 6

systematic error

Question 7

examples of systematic error

Answer 7

• consistently use wrong conc
• different measuring device used e.g a different thermometer
• zero error

Question 8

how to overcome systematic error

Answer 8

• do experiment from scratch using different technique or equipment, then compare with original to see if systematic error did occur
• add/subtract inaccuracy from group of readings

Question 9

what is it called when a reading on equipment does not start at zero

Answer 9

zero error

Question 10

example of zero error

Answer 10

faulty thermometer - shows -10°in ice water

Question 11

prescision meaning

Answer 11

how small the range is surrounding the mean value

Question 12

what errors can you evaluate using precision

Answer 12

random - they do not say whether data is accurate eg zero error

Question 13

how to find uncertainty

Answer 13

range/2

Question 14

how to write range

Answer 14

min value - max value

Question 15

repeatable meaning

Answer 15

measurements from when an experiment is repeated under the same conditions to get similar results

Question 16

reproducible meaning

Answer 16

measurements produced from different investigators with different equipment, with similar results

Question 17

G standard form

Answer 17

10^9
giga

Question 18

M standard form

Answer 18

mega
10^6

Question 19

k standard form

Answer 19

10^3

Question 20

d standard form

Answer 20

deci
10^-1

Question 21

c standard form

Answer 21

centi
10^-2

Question 22

m standard form

Answer 22

milli
10^-3

Question 23

upside down h standard form

Answer 23

micro
10^-6

Question 24

n standard form

Answer 24

nano
10^-9

Question 25

independent vs dependent vs control

Answer 25

independent: changes dependent: measured control: stays the same

Question 26

what variable is room temp

Answer 26

control: however it is difficult to keep the same, so monitor temp with a thermometer

Question 27

what is peer review

Answer 27

where other scientists check results and explanations before published, to validate and detect false claims

Question 28

how are theories made

Answer 28

- hypothesis created from observations - gather evidence from investigations to test hypothesis - peer review, other scientists create own predictions and experiments, and repeat original experiments - all evidence supports: accepted - unexplainable result: modify or scrapped completely

Question 29

issues with the media

Answer 29

not peer reviewed, over-simplified, inaccurate, biased

Question 30

issues of scientific developments

Answer 30

economic: eg expensive alternate energy source social: eg fossil fuel tax personal: eg local wind farm environmental: eg dam construction ethical: eg genetic engineering

Question 31

how to decide how hazardous something is

Answer 31

- chance of hazard occuring - seriousness of hazard

Question 32

what is resolution

Answer 32

smallest change of measuring instrument

Question 33

examples of hazards

Answer 33

- microorganisms - chemicals - electricity - fire

Question 34

causes of correlation

Answer 34

- chance - unaccounted 3rd variable - change in one variable causes a change in another eg age,smoking and lung cancer

Question 35

what to consider when evaluating

Answer 35

- method and controls - multiple, repeatable, reproducible, accurate, precise results? - anomalies and errors than caused them - suggest change - suggest further experiments