working in health and social care

Question 1

what are key roles in healthcare?

Answer 1

healthcare roles are positions in organisations such as hospitals and surgeries, roles have responsibilities that are carried out by people in the day top day duties:

• doctor
• nurses
• midwifes
• healthcare assistants
• occupational therapists

Question 2

doctors

Answer 2

in GPs, they provide medical care for patients, they work mainly in surgeries and local communities, they diagnose, treat, monitor and prevent illness
- provide prescriptions for treatments and arrange preventative care, such as flu immunization

specialist doctors have expert training in particular areas, they work mainly in hospitals and clinics, they diagnose, treat, monitor and prevent illness in specialist areas, such as cardiology, oncology, pediatrics and geriatrics
- liase with other professionals, such as nurses, to carry out treatment in hospital
- contribute to teams for ongoing patient care

Question 3

nurses

Answer 3

they are trained to carry out medical duties at their level of seniority and specialism, mainly in hospitals, surgeries, clinics and homes. specialisms include hospital critical care nursing, cardiac nursing, surgical care and oncology nursing, they monitor and care for the daily chronic and acute medical needs of patients
- they support doctors in giving treatment and prescribed drugs
- work to restore health and wellbeing

Question 4

midwives

Answer 4

work mainly in hospital maternity units, clinics and homes, they monitor the prenatal development and health of mothers and babies
- they help deliver babies
- provide postnatal care, supporting mothers, babies and families after the birth

Question 5

healthcare assistants

Answer 5

trained to help with daily personal care and to support wellbeing, they work mainly in hospitals, clinics, residential care and homes, they work under the guidance of qualified professionals such as nurses or doctors
- they meet care needs, such as washing, toileting, making beds, feeding and mobility
- monitor health by taking temp, pulse, respiration rate and weight

Question 6

occupational therapists

Answer 6

facilitate recovery and overcome practical barriers, they work mainly in hospitals, clinics, residential care and homes, they identify issues people may have in everyday life, such as with dressings, shopping, working etc.
- they help people work out practical solutions

Question 7

healthcare settings

Answer 7

gp surgeries and local health centers;
- patients go here first when they need medical advice
- doctors diagnose the patient’s illness, they may issue a prescription for medication or refer patients to other services
- nurses might carry out treatment or health screening, take blood tests

hospitals:
- patients go here for treatment that a gp cannot give, it is where operations are carried out, and accident and emergency departments and some walk in centers are located
- patients are referred by their gps to specialist medical teams
- specialist doctors may issue a prescription for specialist medication or refer patient’s to surgeons for operations

Question 8

clinics

Answer 8

• patients go here to be treated for specific medical conditions
• patients are referred by their gps to specialist clinics based in hospitals and in the community
• trained personnel, including doctors and nurses, work in clinics

Question 9

home

Answer 9

• this is where care is provided for housebound people or those who care recovering from medical treatment such as an operation
• most people prefer to recover at home and some who are dying prefer to be nursed at home
• care may be provided at home for births
• patients are treated at home by community based nursing and midwifery staff
• doctors carry put home visits when necessary

Question 10

treatment

Answer 10

• a patient attends an appointment at their gp surgery to report pain sin their chest, the doctor asks questions and might us7e equipment to help them diagnose the problem
• the doctor refers to a clinic at the hospital, where the patient is seem by a specialist/consultant
• the specialist decides that, at this stage, an operation is not necessary but they prescribe needed medication
• after a while of taking the medication, the patient has an appointment with a nurse at their gp surgery, the nurse checks their progress and the patient might need another appointment with the doctor

Question 11

key roles in social care

Answer 11

social care roles are positions in organisations such as social care services, the role and training for social care are different from those for healthcare.

• care manager
• care assistant
• support worker
• youth worker
• social worker

Question 12

care manager / assistants

Answer 12

a car manager is responsible for the day to day running of a residential care setting, care settings include hospices, supported housing and homes for people who need nursing or help with day to day living, who have conditions such as dementia or who are disabled, care managers:
- recruit and manage staff
- control the budget
- are responsible for ensuring that the services in the care setting meet care national standards
- put policies and procedures in place and make sure they are adhered to

care assistants are trained to help people of all ages who nee care to carry out their day to day routines, in homes, day centres and residential care, they:
- meet personal needs, such as washing, toileting, dressing and feeding
- assist in monitoring health and wellbeing, by liaising with other professionals
- help with transport, household tasks and taking people shopping

Question 13

social workers

Answer 13

are trained to help a wide range of people of all ages to find solutions to their problems, they work mainly in social care centres, homes and clinics, they;
- protect vulnerable people from, harm or abuse
- help people to live independently
- support children who live apart from their families, and support their foster carers and adopters
- help people wit mental health problems, learning disabilities or physical disabilities
- support refugees and asylum seekers
- help people with alcohol, drug or substance misuse problems, ad young offenders

Question 14

youth workers

Answer 14

help the personal, social and educational growth of people aged 11-25, to help them reach their full potential in society. they work mainly in youth centres, schools and colleges, they:
- manage and administer youth and community projects and resources
- monitor and review the quality of local youth work provision, and work with families and carers
- support individuals in other settings, including outreach work relating to drinking, drugs, smoking, violence and relationships

Question 15

support workers

Answer 15

provide care support to a range of service users in homes, centres and residential care, supporting other social care workers, they;
- vary their duties depending on the needs and wishes of the individual
- support individuals’ overall comfort and wellbeing, under supervision of professionals
- help people who need care and support to live as independently as possible, also working with families

Question 16

social care settings

Answer 16

residential care settings;
- these are settings where people who cant be cared for at home or who feel that they can no longer cope with living on their own, are looked after:
- they may provide full time or temporary respite care to give a break to careers, or those who struggle living on their own
- social care workers provide residents with personal care, such as washing, toileting and dressing

domiciliary care:
- social care workers provide care for people in their own home
- care workers help people lead their daily lives by supporting their independence
- social care workers might help people with shopping, cleaning and transport, such as taking them, to a doctor’s appointment
- social care workers can provide carers with a short break from their duties

daycare centres:
- these are used by older people and those with physical and learning disabilities
- they provide respite care
- social care workers might take part in leisure activities with people attending

Question 17

benefits and difficulties

Answer 17

benefits
- trained staff meets people’s needs and support them
- specialist support is available for those with more complex care needs
- companionship is provided by other residents and staff
- a range of stimulating activities is offered

difficulties
- losing some or all of their independence
- reluctance to leave their own homes
- isolation from friends and relations
- cost of care

Question 18

role of doctors & specialist doctors ; responsibilities

Answer 18

key medical responsibilities;
- diagnosing illness,prescribing treatment to promote healing and recovery, referring patients to specialists , liaising with multidisciplinary teams

key non medical responsibilities;
- creating and maintaining relationships of trust with patients, observing, loustening, responding, maintaining patient records, confidentiality, acting in accordance with legislation

Question 19

role of nurses; responsibilities

Answer 19

key medical responsibilities;
- observing condition of patients, administering drugs and injections, carrying out routine investigations, preparing patients for operations

key non medical responsibilities;
- providing care and counselling, helping with recovery and rehabilitation, writing patient care plans, planning patient discharge from hospital, acting as a patient advocate

Question 20

role of midwives; responsibilities

Answer 20

key medical responsibilities;
- diagnosing, monitoring and examining pregnant women, providing antenatal care, including screening tests, assisting during labour, supervising pain management

key non medical responsibilities;
- preparing and reviewing patient care plans, arranging and/or providing parenting and health education, providing support and advice following miscarriage, termination neonatal death, liaising with other agencies to ensure continuity of care

Question 21

role of healthcare assistants; responsibilities

Answer 21

key medical responsibilities;
- temperature, pulse, respiration rate, taking blood samples, carrying out health checks, weighing patients

key non medical responsibilities;
- washing and dressing patients, helping with patient mobility, supporting day to day routines, talking to patients working under the direction of nursing staff, supporting and delivering health education

Question 22

role of occupational therapists; responsibilities

Answer 22

key medical responsibilities;
- being aware of acute medical conditions and how to overcome them in contexts such as accident and emergency and acute medicine

key non medical responsibilities;
- advising on specialist equipment to assist with daily activities, advising on home and workplace alterations, eg wheelchair access, assisting people to return to work, coaching people with learning difficulties eg in handling money, enabling rehabilitation, organising support and rehabilitation groups for carers and clients

Question 23

key responsibilities; care managers

Answer 23

• day to day running of residential care settings, supervising work of care assistants, ensuring the quality of care meets standards and adheres to relevant legislation, ensuring suitable staff are available

key skills, qualities & tasks;
- creating and maintaining relationships of trust with residents, maintaining accurate resident records, observing, listening and responding to resident concerns, maintaining confidentiality

Question 24

key responsibilities; care assistants

Answer 24

• providing appropriate daily personal care, carrying out general household tasks and other routine roles as required by supervisor or service user, liaising with other health and care professionals

key skills, qualities & tasks;
- working in different care settings, observing and reporting changes in health and wellbeing of service user, making service user feel at ease and maintaining confidentiality

Question 25

key responsibilities; social workers

Answer 25

• managing a designated case load, maintaining professional registration, working within regulatory guidelines, keeping informed of changes in policy and procedure, liaising with other agencies, eg the police for vulnerable children

key qualities, skills & tasks;
- preparing and reviewing case files of clients, taking difficult decisions, working with a variety of service users of different ages, ensuring continuity of care

Question 26

key responsibilities; youth workers

Answer 26

• demonstrating values which underpin youth work, completing a background check with the disclosure and barring service, continuing professional development, acting as a mentor to young people

key skills, qualities & task;
- working across different sectors, including care and criminal justice and in public, private and voluntary sector organisations, developing projects with schools and other organisations, such as debates about elections for capital punishment, offering advice on topics such as sexual health using language which is accessible to young people

Question 27

key responsibilities; support workers

Answer 27

• following the instructions of health and care professionals, implementing care plans greed with social workers, supporting members of families who provide care with parenting, financial or domestic skills

Question 28

supporting routines; with a a physical disability

Answer 28

home; by ensuring that the person has access to all rooms at home eg no stairs or a stair lift, facilities are within reach and not at floor level eg electrical sockets, if necessary, hoists are available in bedrooms and bathrooms

educational setting; by ensuring that service users can access classrooms and laboratories, eg minimum door width requirements accommodate wheelchair users, disable children have access to play and exercise facilities, the curriculum is adapted to meet their needs, eg language used in lessons should respect the dignity of people with disabilities

work; by providing awareness training for work colleagues, a support worker to help the person in the workplace, extra time if necessary, to complete work tasks

leisure setting; by providing accessible changing facilities, suitable signage, eg in braille for people with a visual impairment, access to adapted seating and spaces for elevated wheelchair viewing

Question 29

following policies and procedures in work settings

Answer 29

they are in place to;
- ensure the health and safety of service suers and health and social care workers
- support the day to day routines of service users
- enable the needs and preferences of service users to be met
- promote independence among service users

Question 30

daily responsibilities of workers in hsc settings

Answer 30

• following policies and procedures in place in their work setting
• providing equipment and adaptations to support people to be more independent
• providing personal care, including washing, feeding, toileting etc
• enabling rehabilitation
• supporting routines of service users including daily family life, education, employment and leisure activities, assessment and care and support planning, involving service suers and their families

Question 31

anti discriminatory practice

Answer 31

• it is the resposbility of people who work in hsc setings to promote anti discriminatory practice by impleneting codes of practice and polciies that identify and challeneg discrimination, the care needs of all service users must be equally met.

identifying discirmination;
- where someone is treated unfairly and unequally because of who they are, they experience prejudice that has bee put into practice

examples of anti discriminatory practice;
- longer appointments for people with learning disabilities
- policies such as anti bullying in schools
- access to buildings
- leaflets in many languages
- accessible signage

Question 32

types of discrimination & action

Answer 32

direct discrimination is treating someone worse, different or less favourable because of their characteristics, egs include harassment and victimisation

indirect discrimination is when an organisations practices, policies or rules have a worse effect on some people than others, an example is pregnancy and maternity discrimination, if pregnant women or new mothers are treated unfairly or are disadvantaged

action against discrimination;
where people have a protected characteristic, it is possible to do something voluntarily to help them, this is called positive action and may take place f they;
- are at a disadvantage
- have particular needs
- are under represented in a a type of work or activity

Question 33

equality act 2010 & characteristics protected

Answer 33

protects people form discrimination by;
- employers, health and care providers, such as hospitals and care homes, schools, colleges, and other education providers, transport services, such as buses, trains and taxis, public bodies such as government departments and local authorities

the characteristics protected by the act;
- age, gender and gender reassignment, pregnancy and maternity, religion and beliefs, marital or civil partnership status, disability, race, sexual orientation, etc

all types of discrimination are illegal, although positive action is allowed in certain clearly defined circumstances

Question 34

adapting provision of services

Answer 34

challenging discrimination is an important part of the work of people in hsc settings, this includes adapting how services provided for different types of service users

ensuring access and adaption in services to accommodate service user needs, including varying forms of communication are very important.

examples of service users and the anti discriminatory practices;

traveller - enabling access to gp at new locations and ensuring that hostile language is not used

transgender person; using gender terminology which is acceptable to the service user, recognise any associated mental health issues

person with a hearing impairment; provide hearing loops in gp surgeries, using British sign language to communicate

asylum seeker; providing translation services if needed and recognising cultural preferences

child with emotional and behavioural difficulties; providing poor mediation and mentoring in schools, provide nurture groups in primary schools as example of early intervention strategy

person with physical disabilities; providing accessible rooms in clinics, supporting participation in sport and exercise in schools

Question 35

hsc professionals must challenge discrimination

Answer 35

professionals should always challenge discrimination, whether it is based on a person’s characteristics or background or caused by an organisation’s policies and procedures that do not adapt to meet needs

for example;
- doctors should consult patient notes to check the patient’s preferred language and preferred methods of treatment
- nurses should ask whether the patient prefers a male or female nurse
- social workers should advice on actions the service user can take to address any discrimination they experience
- occupational therapists should help people to live independently by ensuring appropriate kitchen equipment for different cultures

Question 36

empowering individuals

Answer 36

empowerment means giving individuals information and support so they can take informed decisions and make choices about their lives n order to live as independently as possible

empowering service users;
- giving individualised care, promoting users’ dignity, dealing with conflict in an appropriate way, enabling users to express their needs and preferences, promoting independence, providing support that is consistent with users beliefs, cultures and preferences, promoting users rights, choices and wellbeing, balancing the rights of individuals with those of other service users and staff, putting users at the heart of service provision

Question 37

empowering individuals

Answer 37

Empowering individuals is central to the work of many people who work in health and social care and it requires a wide range of skills. The ways which adults might be empowered are sometimes different to the ways which children and young people are empowered. For example, where a very young child is involved it wil probably not be possible to empower them in the same way as an adult or an adolescent becavse they might not understand what they are being told or what they might be expected to do.
The skils required by paediatricians (medical staff who work with young children who are ill) are designed to support, young children to understand their illness and to explain the treatments available in ways which a young child might understand, e g avoiding language which is appropriate to their age. This is one of the ways in which a young child can be empowered because they gain some insight into their condition and about how they can respond to it.

Question 38

what are rights?

Answer 38

rights are entitlements that everyone should receive, people’s rights are protected by the laws of the uk such as the human rights act 1998 and the equality act 2010

key rights;
- dignity
- indpendence
- privacy
- safety and security
- equality
- to be free from discrimination
- to express needs and preferences

Question 39

dignity

Answer 39

• you can support the right by respecting a person’s dignity
• an example is by providing privacy for a patient who is using the bathroom in hospital

Question 40

independence

Answer 40

-promoting independence through freedom, choice and appropriate support
eg
- allowing an older person to choose where they wish to live, either in their own home or a residential care setting
- supporting a person with learning disabilities so they can live independently and safety

Question 41

express needs and preferences

Answer 41

providing active support to enable choice consistent with individual culture, beliefs and preferences
eg
- providing support with choices about;
- food, clothing and religious practice, whether to be treated by male or female practitioners, using methods such as petitions to put forward needs and preferences and raise concerns with public authorities, supporting those who need help to express their needs and preferences

Question 42

safety and security

Answer 42

• changing the legislation eg the ban on smoking in public spaces
• dealing with conflict by applying clear policies and training eg applying policies regarding residents with dementia who assault staff they fail to recognise, what to do if communication breaks down between social workers and other agencies
• protecting from risk or harm, by implementing procedures and training eg applying measures to deal with violent behaviour of people attending a&e who are affected by alcohol or drugs, including provision of security staff in hospitals
• encouraging behaviour change eg using education and training such as healthy living campaigns, using language which is accessible to service users
• balancing rights with those of other service users and staff eg providing clear training and policies so we are all cared for and proceed appropriately

Question 43

equality

Answer 43

• ensuring equal opportunities and access to services
  eg
• fair allocation of budgets for provision of different services
• accountability through local authority representation

Question 44

freedom from discrimination

Answer 44

• providing clear guidelines for practice and complaints procedures
  eg
• registering complaints, investigating them and receiving feedback
• official recognition of and investigations into abuse
• representing cases where some treatments are available in some areas but not others, this is sometimes called the ‘nhs postcode lottery’

Question 45

ensuring safety in care

Answer 45

possible risks in care
- abuse by other service users and/or staff
- inadequate supervision of facilities, such as bathrooms
- inadequate supervision of support staff, for example when moving patients
- lack of illness prevention measures, such as clean toilets, hand washing facilities and safe drinking water
- infection due to lack of clean facilities and equipment
- inadequate control of harmful substances
- lack of properly maintained first aid facilities

managing risks in care
- using risk assessments to identify possible sources of harm, assess the likelihood of of them causing harm, assess the likelihood of them causing harm and to minimise the chance of harm
- staff training to manage risks
- clear codes of practice which are familiar to all staff, including safeguarding and control of harmful substances
- appropriately qualified staff
- ensuring that all staff have their dbs clearance
- regular and evidenced checks of facilities and provision of safe drinking water
- availability of protective equipment and knowledge of infection control procedures
- procedures for reporting and recording accidents, incidents and complaints
- provision of maintained first aid facilities

Question 46

mitigating risks in health and social care settings

Answer 46

eg specialist equipment, eg use of hoist to life immobile patient - the mitigation would be to require sufficient staff trained in use of equipment to perform manoeuvre

eg adequate supervision and support, eg giving hot drink to frail elderly person - the mitigation would be to ensure that the drink is not too hot, use stable cup and supervise if necessary

eg infection from accidents and spillage at meal times on wards - the mitigation would be to support for meal times, suitable utensils and protection

Question 47

reports and complaints procedures

Answer 47

accidents and incidents which can happen in health and social care settings must be reported so that appropriate action can be taken, complaints procedures must also be followed

stages of reporting incidents and accidents:
- detect incident or accident
- record incident or accident
- report accident or incident to relevant person
- classify incident or accident according to type and severity
- prioritise issues for appropriate actions
- propose preventative measures
- implement changes to working practices
- monitor effectiveness of changes in preventing future incidents

Question 48

barriers to reporting & problems

Answer 48

barriers to incident reporting;
- the incident or accident is seen as not important at the time
- the incident form is too long or requires too much detail
- care staff have more, pressing duties
- staff may not know about reporting procedures
- it may be difficult to access the person who needs to receive the incident/accident report
- there may be pressure from managers not to report incidents and accidents

problems with evidence;
- inconsistent witness statements
- lack of detail in statements
- poor recall of events
- written evidence that conflicts with other types of evidence, eg from cctv or voice recordings
- low standard of written english

Question 49

key points

Answer 49

• all settings must have them in place
• all settings must enable service users to access and use them
• they are checked when care providers are inspected
• they can lead to service improvements

service users also have the right to complain;
- complaints need to be dealt within a appropriate time frame
- complaints to be taken seriously
- full and through investigations of concerns raised
- information about the outcomes of investigations into their complaints

Question 50

data protection act 1998

Answer 50

• applies to both staff and service users, staff must protect data about service users and employers must protect data about staff

the data protection act controls how personal information is used by organisations, businesses or the government, data must be:
- used fairly and lawfully
- used for limited, specifically stated purposes,
- used in a way that is adequate, relevant and not excessive
- accurate
- kept for longer than is necessary
- handled according to people’s data protection rights
- kept safe and secure

protection;
ethnic background, political opinions, religious beliefs, health, sexual health and preferences, criminal record etc

Question 51

data that an employer in hsc can keep about their employees

Answer 51

• name
• address
• date of birth
• gender
• emergency contact details
• education and qualifications
• employment history and work experience
• national insurance number and tax code
• details of any known disability

Question 52

ensuring confidentiality

Answer 52

confidentiality is ensured by;
- by applying the requirements of the data protection act 1998
- by adhering to legal and workplace requirements specified by codes of practice in health and social care settings
- by securely recording, storing and retrieving medical and personal information
- by maintaining confidentiality to safeguard service users
- by following appropriate procedures where disclosure is legally required
- by respecting the rights of service users where they request non disclosure or limited disclosure of their personal information

Question 53

staff;s security responsibility

Answer 53

confidentiality in health and social settings means restricting access to information about a service user to individuals who are involved in their care, unless permission to disclose the information is given by the service user

data storage - these methods of data storage are covered by the act
- computers, tablets and mobile phones
- social media
- written, paper records
- photographs

safeguarding maintaining service user info is part if safeguarding practice, so that the clients are protected from harm and abuse and their health and wellbeing is protected

Question 54

accountability to professional bodies

Answer 54

examples;
in england
- the nursing and midwifery council
- the royal college of nursing
- the health and care professions council
- the general medical council

in wales
- care council for wales

northern ireland
- northern ireland social care council

Question 55

regulation of workers

Answer 55

people who work in health and social care settings have to follow the regulations set out by the processional bodies which regulate services in their sector; this means that workers must
- follow codes of professional conduct
- be familiar with and able to apply current codes of practice
- ensure that revalidation procedures are followed eg nurses have to make a health and character declaration in order to b registered
- follow procedures for raising concerns ; whistleblowing

workers who do not follow regulations might be disciplined for their actions by their employer, in some cases even the the police have to get involved, when workers are disciplined, this can mean that they have some responsibilities taken away from them or they can lose their status eg if a nurse fails to complete enough practice hours, they could lose their job, if hsc workers are prosecuted, they can be put in prison if the crime is serious enough

key terms;
regulation - law which sets the standard of professional conduct required of people who work in hsc settings
regulations are mandatory, this means that they must be followed by law

Question 56

safeguarding regulations

Answer 56

• protect service users from harm, abuse and neglect , promotes their health and wellbeing. safeguarding and prevention of harm takes place in the context of person centred support and personalised care, with individuals empowered to make choices and supported to manage risks

examples of safeguarding
-in hospital, make sure all equipment is sterile
- in a residential care setting, use hoists to help residents in need
- at a nursery, ensure play areas are safe
- ensure assessment of children and appropriate action
- in gp surgeries, ensure patient info is kept confidential
- ensure policies are followed for staff use of cameras and mobile phones
- ensure safe handling and disposal of sharps
- ensure effective control and disposal of harmful substances
- ensure all staff have dbs clearances
- ensure staff do not work in isolation and are properly supervised
- ensure effective procedures for reporting accidents and incidents

Question 57

safeguarding children

Answer 57

health and social care workers should;
- protect children from maltreatments
- follow their organisations safeguarding policies for protecting children and the actions to take if a child discloses abuse
- prevent impairment of children’s health and development
- protect children from infection
- ensure children grow up in circumstances that are consistent with the provision of safe and effective care
- take action to enable children to have the best outcomes

local safeguarding children board;
- requires every local authority to have a local safeguarding children board, the job of the lscb is to:
; make sure everyone understands how important it is to keep children safe
; make sure that all the agencies that are part of the lscb are doing the best job
; report to the department of health
; look into cases where children are badly hurt or have died
; keep a check on information about child deaths
; give advice to all agencies
; listen to children’s views and ideas
; hold discussions to find out what people think about children’s issues

Question 58

safeguarding adults

Answer 58

the care act 2014 introduced new safeguarding duties for local authorities where they provide care for adults, these include;
- making enquiries where there is safeguarding concerns
- hosting safeguarding adults boards
- carrying out safeguarding adults reviews
- arranging for the provision of independent advocates
- leading a multi agency local adult safeguarding system

Question 59

why is partnership important?

Answer 59

• improves the lives of vulnerable adults and children
• means service users don’t have to give the same information to different health and social care workers
• improves information sharing between professionals
• improves the efficiency of the care system as a while
• coordinates the way in which care is provided
• helps the service user feel that they are being treated as a whole person, rather than as a series of unrelated medical issues
• improves the planning and commissioning of care, so that health and social care services complement rather than disrupt each other

Question 60

difficulties of partnership

Answer 60

• failure to communicate information between services, for example, between social workers and the police in cases where children are in danger
• lack of coordination of health and social care services, so people do not receive the care they need or experiences duplication
• delayed discharges from hospital, mainly of older people, eg there is no available support in the community
• hsc providers with different it systems that cannot communicate with each other
• cuts in funding that prevent effective partnership working

Question 61

partnership with families

Answer 61

working in partnership in health and social care may include working with a service user’s informal carers, friends and family to plam, aid decision making and enable support with other service providers, it is important to be willing to work with different people, both professionals and non professionals, showing respect for all expertise and opinions, and accepting help when needed. eg a family member may know service user better than anyone else and may be in the best position to be their advocate, helping them express their needs and wishes

Question 62

holistic approaches

Answer 62

this includes;
- medical and other treatments including psychological interventions
- accommodation
- education and training
- social, cultural; or spiritual needs
- finance and money
- parenting or caring relationships
- work and occupation
- personal care and physical wellbeing

Question 63

advantages & disadvantages of holistic approach

Answer 63

advantages;
- care is more personalised
- other issues which contribute to the individual’s ill health, such as stress or poor housing, may be identified and addressed
- being viewed as a whole person and not a medical problem can improve an individuals health and wellbeing

disadvantages;
- most people only want their particular illness or symptom treated
- generally, doctors do not look for other issues during diagnosis
- health and social care workers are not employed or skilled to manage all aspects of and individual’s needs

Question 64

advocacy

Answer 64

advocacy allows people to;
- express their views and concerns, so that they are taken seriously
- access information and services
- defend and promote their rights and responsibilities
- explore choices and options

Question 65

monitoring care internally

Answer 65

hsc workers must follow the codes of practice and policies in the settings where they work:

• lead nurses or senior nurses are in charge of a group of wards and can deal with a problem if the ward staff are unable to do so
• doctors are medical consultants who oversee diagnosis, investigations and treatment
• matrons are in charge of a group of wards and take responsibility for ensuring excellent patient experience and safety
• the ward sister or charge nurse manages the whole ward
• nurse specialists offer expert and specialist advice on a range of treatments
• healthcare assistants help qualified nurses to meet care needs

Question 66

whistleblowing

Answer 66

whistleblowing can take place in both hsc settings, in a health setting a member of staff might raise concerns about patient care, such as when the safety of a patient is at risk. the concerns are reported to the relevant staff .

whistleblowing helps to maintain best practice, when these are not put in place;
- bad practice could continue, harming individuals
- there will be more complaints from service users or their representatives
- staff may leave or perform less well
- the service provider may receive more negative reports
whistleblowers are protected by the law and should not be treated unfairly or lose their job

Question 67

monitoring care externally

Answer 67

organisations that are external to care settings use code sof practice and regulations to govern how hsc worker s carry out their roles

inspections;
external bodies monitor services, including through inspections, these cover;
- analysis of internal data and trends, for example on health outcomes
- investigation of ocmplaints
- observation of service dleivery
- collection of service user feedback
- interviews with staff

criminal investigations;
- are pursued where sexual, physical, financial or emotional abuse is suspected
- have to take account of safeguarding
- follow referrals to the police from care providers, cqc and specialised care settings such as prisons
- follow referrals from individuals who suspect that a crime has been commuted
- may lead to the suspension or dismissal of caseworkers following an investigation

Question 68

public sector service

Answer 68

• the part of the economy where they provide essential government services

health public bodies;
- nhs foundation trusts and gp services are public sector organisations which provide nhs services for adults and children

social care;
local councils are public sector organisations which provide social care services for adults and children, these include
- help in the home
- support for carers
- financial support
- equipment to enhance independence

Question 69

partnerships, commissioning & primary care

Answer 69

health and social care organisations often work together to provide services which people need;
- healthcare & social care - partnership

commissioning of services means to;
- plan service specification - eg what services will consist of

• agreeing service procurement - eg the process of obtaining the necessary services
• monitoring delivery - continuous quality assessment - eg checking that the services provided meet the needs of service needs

an example of commissioning is where the nhs commissions primary healthcare services that deal with a range of physical, psychological and social issues

primary care provides the first point of contact, such as a gp, who gives access to day to day services for patients and refers them to relevant specialist where, other examples of primary care in the community include;
- dental practices
- high street pharmacies
- optometrists

Question 70

nhs & local authorities - what do they do?

Answer 70

nhs;
- run hospitals
- provide mental health services
- provide community health services
- provide children’s health services
- work in partnership with other organisations

local authorities;
- they commission organisations to provide social care services, these include daycare and domiciliary care
- commissioned organisations can be in the public, private and voluntary sector
- commissioned services for adult social care include residential; care homes and nursing homes

Question 71

private and voluntary services

Answer 71

private - services are provided by businesses, which are usually run for profit, services are often paid for by the person who uses them

examples of healthcare providers;
- boots, bupa, virgin healthcare, private sector doctors

examples of social care providers;
- residential care homes, nursing homes, counselling homes, some home help services

voluntary - non profit making organisations which provides services alongside those provided by public and private sector organisations, usually charities with paid staff as well as volunteers

eg o healthcare providers;
- hospices, macmillan cancer support nurses, marie curie nurses, marie stopes, sexual health services

eg social care services;
- age uk, mind, barnardo’s, the children’s society, mencap

Question 72

support services

Answer 72

how sexual health services support service users;
- sexual health services are provided by gps, gum clinics and young people’s services
- they provide advice about sexually transmitted infections, contraception, pregnancy, sexual assault and abortion
- they provide contraceptive and medication
- they are free and available to everyone
- they target specific groups, eg those at high risk of infection or pregnancy

how mencap supports people with learning disabilities;
- mencap provide residential care for people with learning disability
- it provides education services, it trainspeople to work with those we have a learning difficulty
- it promotes awareness of learning disability, it challenges prejudice, discrimination and stigma

Question 73

hospitals and daycare units

Answer 73

hospitals;
a hospital is a healthcare setting where patients receive treatment from specialised staff and equipment
- people with specialised health needs are referred to hospitals by their gps
- hospitals provide emergency care via a&e departments
- people who need health services have a right to choose which hospital they attend, which team of specialist doctor they see and to be involved in decisions about their treatment

daycare units;
staff in daycare units may provide patients with an assessment of tehri health needs;
- surgery and other medical procedures may be carried out in daycare units
- they usually provide services which meet the health needs of older people, people with mental ill health or people with learning disabilities, and can also provide respite care
- daycare units an be part of the nhs but some are privately run or are provided by charities

Question 74

secondary care and specialists

Answer 74

usually provided to referred patients by medical specialists, secondary care is centralised and usually takes place in hospitals
eg
- cardiologists - treat diseases and illnesses of the heart and blood vessels
- urologists - treat diseases and illnesses of the urinary tract
- orthopaedic surgeons - treat injuries to and disorders of, the skeletal system
- radiologists – treat illness using x rays, mri scans and other medical imaging techniques

Question 75

hospice care

Answer 75

what the staff do;
- take care of people’s physical, intellectual,, emotional and social needs
- aim to control the pain and other symptoms experiences by the patient through palliative care
- support carers, family members and close friends, both during a person’s illness and during bereavement, after the person has died and family and friends are grieving

palliative care;
- is a multidisciplinary approach to specialised medical care for people with serious illnesses, is active and holistic
- focuses on providing patients with relief from symptoms and pain, and the physical and mental stress of a serious illness
- regards as paramount the management of pin and other symptoms, and provision of psychological, social and spiritual support

the goal of palliative care is to achieve the best quality of life for patients and their families;
- affirms life and helps people to regard dying as a normal process
- offer support to help parents live as actively as possible until their death
- help relatives cope during the patient’s illness and their own bereavement

Question 76

residential care

Answer 76

personal care - people who live in a residential care home receive social care or personal care from care assistants or support workers, a care home that provides only personal care can assist residents with meeting their day to day needs, such as meals, bathing, going to the toilet and taking medication

nursing care - people in nursing homes receive healthcare from trained medical staff such as nurses, when residents need medical care they are cared for in homes registered to provide it, these are often known as nursing homes

other residential care settings;
- care homes for adults aged 18 to 65 provide care and support for younger adult with, for example, severe physical disabilities, learning disabilities, brain injuries resulting in mental health problems, other settings support people who are alcohol or drug dependent.
- residential care settings for children and adolescents specialise in providing support o children with physical disabilities, learning disabilities or emotional problems

Question 77

domiciliary and workplace

Answer 77

• people who live independently home are usually happier and healthier than people who need hospital or residential care, this is one of the reasons why domiciliary care is provided and independence is a key car principle

workplace care - codes of practice and health & safety regulations are designed to ensure the safety of all people in hsc settings.
- people who use services need to be safe and so do the people who work there, some places of work support employees with specific needs eg limited mobility capabilities or hearing impairments, there may also be a provision of services such as counselling

Question 78

types of domiciliary care

Answer 78

• formal care is provided by paid staff, they are referred to as home helps, care assistants or carers, they have qualifications and undergo training to carry out their roles
• informal care is provided by family members, relatives, and friends who are not paid, sometimes informal care is provided by children
• voluntary sector - both formal and informal care is often provided by people and services within the voluntary sector

Question 79

young carers & respite care

Answer 79

young carers often have to grow up fast as they take on adult roles within the family, they may suffer from stress and isolation, and the effects of poverty. they often miss out on schooling and other opportunities, which limits their long term life chances

respite care gives an informal carer a short break away from caring for a particular individual. the care act 2014 sets out the rights of adults who provide care, one of these rights is an assessments of their needs as a carer might receive a break . alternatively, the person being cared for might move into residential or nursing care for a short stay while the carer has a break, or attend some day care activities away from home.

Question 80

referral; access to services

Answer 80

referral - people who need healthcare usually make an appointment with their gp, where their healthcare needs are assessed. teh gp may refer them to a specialist doctor in a hospital or to medical staff at a clinic.

types of clinics;
clinics provide outpatient care, they are usually located in hospitals and support many types of health needs, examples of clinic support are specialised baby care, ear, nose and throat issues, asthma/allergy issues etc outpatients do not stay in hospital overnight and are usually treated in day clinics

Question 81

assessment ; access to services

Answer 81

people who may require personal care will have a needs assessment which will be carried out by social services, it all considers
- their needs and how these impact on their care
- the things that matter to them eg help with getting dressed
- the types of services, information, advice, facilities and resources which will prevent or delay further needs from developing, helping the person to stay well for longer
- their choices and goals, eg if they wish to take up a new activity
- the needs of their family
- the limitation of cost and service provision

Question 82

eligibility criteria; access to services

Answer 82

local authorities use needs assessments to assess whether people meet the eligibility criteria for personal care. they consider whether the persons’ needs;
- arise from, or are related to a physical or mental impairment or illness
- make them unable to achieve two or more of he specified outcomes
- impact significantly on wellbeing as a result of being unable to meet these outcomes

individual needs and specified outcomes;
- maintain personal and home hygiene
- go to the toilet appropriately
- dress appropriately
- move around inside and outside
- access personal relationships to avoid loneliness
- access opportunities such as work, training and volunteering
- use local facilities and transport
- care for others such as a child
- prepare and eat food and drink

an adult is only eligible for personal care if they meet all three of these conditions

Question 83

barriers to service

Answer 83

specific needs;
- people with learning and physical disabilities
- people with mental ill health
- older people
- children
- refugees
- people transitioning from one sex to another
for example, people with mental ill health might not be able to ask for help, or they might need an advocate or miss appointments, a person who is unable to read would have difficulty completing forms.

individual preferences’;
- people with religious and/or cultural beliefs who reject certain medicines
- people who exercise their right to be treated in local hospital
- women who prefer to receive care from women
- people with terminal illness who choose not to have treatment
- people with mental ill health who may be unable to make decisions for themselves at a particular point of time
- an older person who wants to remain independent

other factors;
- financial ; some richer people have to pay for personal care
- social eg rough sleepers are unlikely to get the health and social care they need
- geographical; eg people who lobe in an urban area may not get the same level of services as theirs. eg fertility treatments are les available
cultural - eg if the patients first language isn’t english

Question 84

representing service users; charities

Answer 84

• nspcc ; work to prevent and end child abuse in the uk and offers advice on safeguarding and preventing neglect
• mental health foundation ; works to improve the lives of those with mental illness, it carries out research, promotes service development and seeks to achieve good mental health for all
• shelter ; works to reduce homelessness , provides advice about tenancy and renting properties, promotes the need for safe, secure and affordable homes
• stonewall ; work sto promote awareness of lgbtq issues to reduce prejudice and discrimination, and provides advice about sexual orientation

Question 85

what charities do

Answer 85

• representing their interest to government
• carrying out research
• providing advice and services
• raising money
• working in partnership with other organisations, including health and social care providers
• changing public attitudes
• challenging prejudice & preventing discrimination

Question 86

representing service users; patient groups

Answer 86

all nhs organisations have a legal duty to involve the public in decisions about running local health services. some ccgs have patient groups, patients should be listened to and actions taken to meet their concerns

some other ways that the interest of service users ar represented are;
- by governors of the nhs trusts
- by mps
- by advocates
- through comments/feedback on proposed changes to legislation or government policy

what patient groups do;
- represent the interest of people with particular health needs
- provide feedback on nhs services
- provide volunteers
- take part in research carried out by the nhs

Question 87

advocacy

Answer 87

• helps a service user to express their views and concerns so that they are taken seriously
• access information and services
• defend and promote their rights and responsibilities
• explore choices and options

who can be an advocate?
- some organisations and charities have professional advocacy services
- friends, family members and carers can act as advocates
- an individual can be an advocate on their own behalf ; self advocacy

advocates represent the interest of individuals with communication issues;
- people with ill mental health
- people with a learning disability
- children
- people whose first language is not english
- people with speech difficulties or confidence issues

more types of advocacy;
- peer advocacy; where people with eg mental ill health can support someone with similar problems
- statutory advocacy; where an individual is entitled to advocacy under the law

representing interests of service users;
complaints and whistleblowing policies also represent the interests of service users
- all care settings must provide access to complaints procedures, which are checked in an inspection and can lead to service improvements
- whistleblowing helps maintain best practice if a member of staff raises concern about the quality of care

Question 88

regulations & inspections

Answer 88

proess;
- identify the scope and purpose of the inspection
- gather views of service users
- gather info from staff
- observe service dleivery
- review records
- review records
- look at documents and policies
- feedback at a meeting with the inspection team and senior staff
- public findings
- take action to improve services where needed

Question 89

after inspections & actions

Answer 89

after the inspection;
- the service provider is graded - this may reflect a range from outstanding or fully met to inadequate or not met
- requirements or warning notices may be given, setting out improvements required and a timescale
- organizations and individuals may be asked to implement policy and practice changes
- in some instances, a provider might be required to limit the range of services or to face criminal prosecution

actions in response to inspection;
- write and implement an improvement action plan
- implement enhanced staff training, eg to ensure familiarity with policies and codes of practice
- improve partnership working such as when services have failed to protect vulnerable children
- ensure changes to working practices, for example, changes to hand hygiene procedures

Question 90

examples of service improvement through changes in working practices

Answer 90

improvements at a hospital;
- monitor compliance with hand hygiene procedures
- store cleaning equipment correctly to avoid cross contamination
- replace damaged theatre equipment
- provide better nutrition for patients
- complete documents accurately
- reduce delays in patient referral

improvements in an early years setting;
- replace unsafe equipment
- promote individual development and meet individual needs
- improve record keeping
- improve partnership with parentships
- provide a rich learning environment that challenges and stimulates
- improve leadership and motivate staff

improvements at an early years setting;
- replace unsafe equipment
- promote individual development and meet individual needs
- improve record keeping
- improve partnership with parents
- provide a rich learning environment that challenges and stimulates
- improve leadership and motivate staff

Question 91

regulation & inspection in england

Answer 91

cqc;
the independent regulator of health and social care in england;
its role is to;
- register care providers
- monitor, insect and rate services eg nhs trusts, independent hospitals, gp practices and residential care settings, including nursing homes
- take action, including legal action, to protect service users
- be an independent voice, publishing regional and national views of quality issues in health and social care

inspections;
- the service should protect service users from harm, there should be evidence of good outcomes and quality of life, it should treat everyone with dignity and respect, care should be of high quality, based on individual needs, the service should be organised to meet needs

Question 92

nice

Answer 92

nice provides national guidance and advice to improve hsc
its role is to;
- produce evidence based guidance and advice for service providers
- develop quality standards and performance measurements for organisations which provide and commission health, public hsc services
- provide a range of information services

ways that nice can provide guidance;
- it advises on safety and effectiveness of medications, treatment and services, including;
- conditions and diseases eg cancer, diabetes
- lifestyle and wellbeing eg sexual health
- population groups, eg prison population and offenders
- service delivery, organisations and staffing, eg patient experiences in adult nhs services
- settings, such as when patients move from hospitals to community care settings

Question 93

ofsted & phe

Answer 93

ofsted - an independent impartial public body that reports directly to parliament
its role is to achieve excellence by inspecting childcare, adaptation and fostering agencies, and initial teacher training. it publishes reports of its findings to help improve quality and inform policy. it also regulates early years and children’s social care services, so they are suitable for children and vulnerable young people.

phe (public health england); it is government body that protects and improves England’s health and wellbeing
its role is o work as part of the regional and local health systems to reduce health inequalities’
- protect the health of people in england
- share information and expertise to make improvements in the public’s health
- carry out research

Question 94

regulation of professions

Answer 94

nursing midwifery council - they regulate nurses and midwives, they ensure nurses and midwives have the right qualifications and skills, they set standards of practice and behaviour, they require nurses and midwives to challenge discrimination, and review practice yearly

the royal college of nursing - they represent nurses, healthcare assistants and midwives, they set out principles of nursing practice, and nurses role and responsibilities sin safeguarding, ensuring accountability of practitioners, promoting cpd and supporting diversity in nursing

the health and care professions council - thy protect the public by keeping a register of health and care professionals who meet their standards for training, professional skills, behaviour and health. it sets standards for health and care professions in conduct and ethics, performance and efficiency, character and health, education and training etc

the general medical council - independent organisation that helps to protect patients and improve medical education and practice across the uk, it decided which doctors are qualified to work here, and oversees uk medical education and training, sets out the standards that doctors need to follow, and makes sure that they continue to meet these standards throughout their careers takes action to prevent doctors from putting the safety of patients, or the public’s confidence in doctors, at risk

Question 95

meeting standards

Answer 95

every organisation that provides health and social care services is responsible for ensuring that employees implement the organisation’s codes of practice and meet the standards for their work

occupational standards; are statements of the standards of performance individuals must achieve when carrying out functions in the workplace, together with specifications of the underpinning knowledge and understanding

examples of standards;
- receiving visitors in the hsc settings
- providing advice and information to people who ask about hsc services
- contributing to social care during emergency situations
- supporting individuals to use medication in social care settings
- monitoring and maintaining health, safety and security of self and others
- minimising the risk of spreading infection by clearing, disinfection and storing care equipment

performance criteria for meeting visitors;
- ensuring the visiting area is safe
- talk to the visitor to find out why they are visiting
- provide support to the visitor according to their needs
- ensure that any info given to the visitor is accurate
- maintain confidentiality
- seek help if unable to deal with a situation

Question 96

training for hsc workers

Answer 96

code of practice - it is a set of guidelines sometimes based on legal regulations, which explains the way members of a profession have to behave

codes of practice relating to key issues in hsc;
- date protection
- confidentiality
- professional conduct
- end of life care
- safeguarding
- health and safety

cpd - includes training to ensure that they understand and know how to implement codes of practice and keep their skills upto date

codes of practice are central to work in hsc and they are essential guides to best practice
- they inform practitioners of their rights and responsibilities, outline the behaviours and attitudes that service users can expect from service providers, help to achieve high quality, safe, compassionate care and support, they enable safety for the people who use health and social care services and for the people who work in them

Question 97

training

Answer 97

• before they become employees, workers have to gain qualifications, workers undertake induction before starting tehri jobs, they undertake training while in post
• workers are trained by other mor experienced professionals workers can access training provided by tehri regulatory bodies, nurses have to be revalidated every 3 years, as part of this, they have to complete 35 hrs of cpd, cpd is mandatory for social workers who wish to renew their legislation

Question 98

safeguarding employees

Answer 98

• they follow the protocols of regulatory bodies and should safeguard employees day to day, in addition, membership of trades unions help to safeguard their interests
• the British medical association is the trades union and professional association for doctors and medial students
• the trades union and professional associations for the nurses is the royal college of nurses and for midwives is the royal college of midwives
• the unions unite and unions protect people who work in all occupations across healthcare

trades unions and professional associations:
- trades unions are organised associations of workers in a trade, group of trades, or profession. they protect and promote the rights and interests of tehri members, trades unions my be involved when employees make complaints about how they are safeguarded, they offer advice and legal support to protect members who work in health and social care.

• professional associations carry out similar roles to trades unions but usually represent one group or type of worker, such as doctors or teachers. in addition, they also represent and protect the interests of the general public.

Question 99

employees are safeguarded wen internal & external complaints are dealt with properly

Answer 99

• complaint is made against health and social care employee, employee has the right to be accompanied by a trades union representative or work colleague, where feasible, employee continues to work while complaint is investigated, employee should not experience direct or indirect discrimination, informal resolution, eg with line manager, formal resolution eg through human resources department

regulatory bodies - following protocols of bodies safeguards employees as some complaints may be dealt with using the organisations internal procedures, more serious breaches may involve external agencies such as regulatory bodies or the police

whistleblowing - if an employee is concerned about unsafe work practices or lack of care by others, they have the professional duty to promptly raise concerns if they believe patients or clients safety is at risk, or that service users care or dignity is being compromised, whistle-blowers are protected by law as they are acting in the public interest

Question 100

ill health and specific needs

Answer 100

where care is given;
- hospitals/daycare/clinics
- gp surgeries
- hospices
- residential and nursing homes
- at home
- the workplace

care is provided through 4 key roles;
- doctors
- nurses
- midwives
- healthcare assistants

procedures;
- follow correct admission procedures, assessing specific needs, provide correct information when answering questions form patient and family members, use appropriate language when discussion illness with patient and family members, ensure that patient preferences are respected and specific needs are catered for, provide and administer correct dosages of medication, ensure notes are complete and accurate, prepare patient for treatment needed, monitor recovery, prepare care plans that are appropriate for specific needs, with clear support in place, ensure patient discharge forms are correctly completed

Question 101

caring for people with mental ill health

Answer 101

care is provided through for main providers;
- family and friends
- nhs
- charities such as rethink or mind
- private sector o=organisations eg the priory group
professionals in mental health include psychologists and psychiatrists and specialist in, eg mental health related to drugs, domestic abuse or trauma from the impact and settings of war

types of mental health problems;
- alzheimers disease
- anorexia
- bipolar
- dementia
- ocd
- ptsd
- postnatal depression
- psychosis
- schizophrenia
- self harm

in most serious cases of mental health, people can be detained under the mental health act 2007, they can be admitted to hospital, detained and treated without their consent, either for their own health and safety or for the protection of other people. usually, doctors or other mental health professionals make the decision to detain someone an the police may be involved

preventing mental ill health;
prevention is an important part of the process of caring for people with mental ill health, people can help themselves to maintain good metal health by;
- talking about their feelings, keeping active, eating well, drinking sensibly, keeping in touch with friends and loved ones, asking for help when needed, taking a break, doing something they are good at and enjoy, accepting who thy are, caring for others etc

Question 102

caring for people w a learning disability

Answer 102

4 key priorities;
- choices for people and their families, so they have a say in their care
- care in the community, with personalised support provided by multidisciplinary teams
- innovative services that offer a range of care options, within personal budgets, so that care meets individual needs
- providing early, intensive support for people who need it so they can stay independent in the community, near home

care is thru 4 providers;
- family and friends, psychologists, support workers and social workers

caring for people w learning disabilities of all ages;
- make sure care meets the persons needs
- preserve independence
- use language the person can understand
- ensure that the person preferences are respected
- empathise
- treat the person with dignity
- ensure information about the person remains confidential
- facilitate social activities
- support the person to access appropriate healthcare
- report risk

Question 103

types of physical and sensory disability

Answer 103

some are born with a physical or sensory disability and others acquire a disability as a result of injury, illness or disease, there are four main types of disability
- sensory, neurological, spinal cord injury, amputation

care is through 4 main providers;
- family members and friends, support workers, physiotherapists, specialist medical teams

the carer’s role;
- help the person with the diagnosis, support family members and relatives when they are told about the diagnosis, ensure that acre reflects the service users needs and preferences, enable the person to access the health and social care they need, help the person to obtain suitable equipment, arrange for necessary adaptations to settings, support the person with self care programmes and care of specialised equipment, help with access to benefits, ensure that respite care is available, help the person’s family to cope with adjustments to normal living

Question 104

early years needs

Answer 104

children’s specific needs;
- have a learning, physical disability etc
- they exhibit behaviour which challenges, have severe illnesses, have been victims of abuse or neglect

care is through 5 providers;
- parents, other family, teachers, specialist support workers, specialist medical staff etc

the carer’s role;
- keeping children safe, ensuring a healthy environment, providing an accessible learning environment, encouraging children’s learning and development, including play, making children to make a positive contribution, making sure the welfare of the child is paramount, ensuring that information about a child remain confidential, working in partnership with the parents of the child, ensuring that children do not experience judgment or discrimination and that you are promoting their rights

Question 105

later adulthood care

Answer 105

rights;
- choose their own gp, have equal and fair treatment, be consulted about the car they need, be protected from harm and risks, have access to the complaints procedures and advocacy & empowerment

safeguarding vulnerable from risk
- individuals with mental ill health, propel with degenerative illnesses eg dementia, individuals who have been abused, refugees, people who are no longer well or strong enough to cope with day to day tasks etc

Question 106

later adulthood ; care & examples

Answer 106

the carers role;
- keep people safe supporting them to manage risks, enable people to live independently, ensure that they can access the benefits they need eg personal budgets, ensure that info about them remains confidential, work in partnership with different personal care providers eg where help with dressing is provided by a private agency and where meals are delivered by a local authority service, ensure that they do not experience discrimination, promote their rights, provide mediation when necessary, eg between the person and family members over financial matters, prevent self neglect, prevent abuse eg financial

eg of specific needs
development or progression of physical and mental conditions;
- treatment and medication to help manage conditions such as arthritis etc, treatment or medication to help manage mental conditions such as dementia or alzheimers, treatment and support for sensory impairment such as hearing loss or cataracts etc
- treatment involving surgical interventions and physiotherapy eg if there has been a fall or break to the hip, leg or arm, provision of support in the home such as appliances, help with daily tasks and meals, or at a care/nursing home

involvement of family and friends;
- advice form specialist staff in this area, on ways it support the person and themselves, in cases of dementia or Alzheimer’s, the person an be supported if they are unable to express needs and preferences

interventions to maintain physical and metal health;
- support such as exercise programmes and guidance to prevent osteoporosis and falls, guidance in nutrition such as avoiding obesity and ensuring a a healthy diet, ensuring oral health, regular sight and hearing tests provision of healthy ageing advice screening and assessments for early diagnoses of conditions

Question 107

policies, procedures and regulations

Answer 107

purpose of these are so that the needs and interests of at risk adults and children are always respected and upheld
- the human rights of people at risk are respected and upheld, interventions and responses are appropriate, timely, professional and ethical, all decisions and actions are taken in line with legislation which is active at the time

key terms;
- regulations - laws issued by the government
codes of practice - guidelines, sometimes based on legal regulations, which explain how members of a profession have to behave
guidelines - advice from bodies about how to follow codes of practice in the workplace
policies - a service provider’s statements of intent followed to ensure that codes of practice and regulations are adhered to
procedures - step by step instructions that employees must follow when completing a particular task to the standard required by an organisation

Question 108

protecting service users & protecting staff

Answer 108

regulation requires staff to follow codes of practice, guidelines, policies and procedures which are designed to ensure that the service users are protected and safe, effective implementation of these documents ensures that staff;
- work together to prevent and protect service users from abuse, empower and support people to make their own choices, investigate actual or suspected abuse and neglect, provide services to people who are experiencing abuse neglect and exploitation

protecting staff;
- policies and procedures protect managers, professionals, volunteers and private sector organisations, when health and social care workers follow policies and procedures, they are;
- implementing best practice to meet needs and they are using the relevant skills required to work in tehri area, working effectively with colleagues and within the law, adhering to guidelines that are designed to keep them safe at work eg using safe lifting techniques and infection control, minimising risk, both to themselves and others, more protected if something goes wrong etc

Question 109

working practices in social care

Answer 109

privacy, dignity and self esteem

Staff should value the contribution that individuals can make to the life of the home. Residents’ self-esteem is enhanced when they feel valued.
Residents should:
• have their own private space
• have the opportunity to choose how they dress, what they eat, when they go to bed and how they spend their day
• decide how they want to be addressed by staff, other residents and visitors, e.g. by their first name or by a title such as Mrs Smith.

independence, choice and control

Staff should allow residents time to do things themselves when they can and not take over or make them unnecessarily dependent.
Residents should be able to:
• choose how they spend their time
• decide how far they participate in the life of the home
• decide how they maintain relationships with family, friends and the local community
• have opportunities for emotional and sexual expression, and for intimate and personal relationships within and outside the home
• have access to external advice, representation and advocacy.

Diversity and individuality
Even though residents are living in a home with other people, they remain individuals with their own likes and dislikes. Ethnic, cultural, social and religious diversity should be recognised.
Residents should:
• feel that their needs will be responded to by staff, who understand the value of maintaining a sense of continuity and identity based on past traditions and practices
• have opportunities to express and pursue religious and political beliefs, for example observing dietary and dress requirements, and having space for prayer
• be able to attend places of worship.

Balancing safety and risk
The balance between risk and safety should be carefully maintained. Anxieties raised by staff and relatives should be discussed, where possible, with the individual resident concerned. An agreement should be reached which balances the risks against the individual’s rights. Residents should:
• not be discouraged from undertaking certain activities solely on the grounds that there is an element of risk
• live in a context where responsible risk-taking is regarded as normal and important in maintaining autonomy and independence.