Workbook1 Flashcards
1
Q
ecology
A
scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment
2
Q
biosphere
A
part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere
3
Q
species
A
group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring
4
Q
population
A
group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area
5
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community
A
assemblages of different populations that live together in a defined area
6
Q
ecosystem
A
collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with their nonliving environment
7
Q
biome
A
group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant communities
8
Q
autotroph
A
organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; also called a producer
9
Q
producer
A
organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce food from inorganic compounds; also called an autotroph
10
Q
photosynthesis
A
process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high,energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches
11
Q
chemosythesis
A
process by which some organisms, such as certain bacteria, use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates
12
Q
heterotroph
A
organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer
13
Q
consumer
A
organism that relies on other organisms for its energy and food supply; also called a heterotroph
14
Q
herbivore
A
organism that obtains energy by eating only plants
15
Q
carnivore
A
organism that obtains energy by eating animals
16
Q
omnivore
A
organism that obtains energy by eating both plants and animals
17
Q
detritivore
A
organism that feeds on plant and animal remains and other dead matter
18
Q
decomposer
A
organism that breaks down and obtains energy from dead organic matter
19
Q
food chain
A
series of steps in an ecosystem in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten
20
Q
food web
A
network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem
21
Q
trophic level
A
step in a food chain or food web
22
Q
ecological pyramid
A
diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy or matter within each trophic level in a food chain or food web
23
Q
biomass
A
total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level
24
Q
biogeochemical cycle
A
process in which elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another
25
evaporation
process by which water changes from a liquid into an atmospheric gas
26
transpiration
loss of water from a plant through its leaves
27
nutrient
chemical substance that an organism requires to live
28
nitrogen fixation
process of converting nitrogen gas into ammonia
29
denitrification
conversion of nitrates into nitrogen gas
30
primary productivity
rate at which organic matter is created by producers in an ecosystem
31
limiting nutrient
single nutrient that either is scarce or cycles very slowly, limiting the growth of organisms in an ecosystem
32
algal bloom
an immediate increase in the amount of algae and other producers that results from a large input of a limiting nutrient
33
accessory pigment
compound other than chlorophyll that absorbs light at different wavelengths than chlorophyll
34
eyespot
Group of cells that can detect changes in the amount of light in the environment
35
pellicle
Cell membrane in Euglenas
36
phytoplankton
population of algae and other small, photosynthetic organisms found near the surface of the ocean and forming part of plankton
37
phycobilin
accesory pigment found in red algae that is especially good at absorbing blue light.
38
filament
In algae, a long threadlike colony formed by many green algae; in plants, a long, thin structure that supports an anther
39
alternation of generations
process in which many algae switch back and forth between haploid and diploid stages of their life cycles
40
gametophyte
Haploid, or gamete,producing, phase of an organism
41
spore
haploid reproductive cell
42
sporophyte
diploid, or spore,producing, phase of an organism
43
protist
any eukaryote that is not a plant, an animal, or a fungus
44
pseudopod
temporary projection of cytoplasm, or a "false foot," used by some protists for feeding or movement
45
amoeboid movement
Type of locomotion used by amoebas
46
food vacuole
small cavity in the cytoplasm of protists that temporarily stores food
47
cilium
short hairlike projection similar to a flagellum; produces movement in many cells
48
trichocyst
small, bottle,shaped structure used for defense by paramecia
49
macronucleus
the larger of a ciliate's two nuclei, contains multiple copies of most of the genes that the cell needs in its day,to,day existence
50
micronucleus
the smaller of a ciliate's two nuclei; contains a "reserve copy" of all of the cell's genes
51
gullet
indentation in one side of a ciliate that allows food to enter the cell
52
anal pore
region of the cell membrane of a ciliate where waste,containing food vacuoles fuse and are then emptied into the environment
53
contractile vacuole
Cavity in the cytoplasm of some protists that collects water and discharges it from the cell
54
conjugation
form of sexual reproduction in which paramecia and some prokaryotes exchange genetic information
55
cellular slime mold
slime mold whose individual cells remain separated during every phase of the mold's life cycle
56
acellular slime mold
slime mold that passes through a stage in which its cells fuse to form large cells with many nuclei
57
fruiting body
slender reproductive structure that produces spores and is found in some funguslike protists; reproductive structure of fungus that develops from a mycelium
58
plasmodium
structure with many nuclei formed by acellular slime molds
59
hypha
tiny filament that makes up a multicellular fungus or a water mold
60
zoosporangium
Spore case
61
antheridium
Male reproductive structure in some algae and plants
62
oogonium
Specialized structure formed by hyphae that produces female Nuclei
63
prokaryote
unicellular organism lacking a nucleus
64
bacillus
rod,shaped prokaryote
65
coccus
spherical prokaryote
66
spirillum
spiral or corkscrew,shaped prokaryote
67
chemoheterotroph
organism that must take in organic molecules for both energy and carbon
68
photoheterotroph
organism that is photosynthetic but needs organic compounds as a carbon source
69
photoautotroph
organism that uses energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water to carbon compounds
70
chemoautotroph
organism that makes organic carbon molecules from carbon dioxide using energy from chemical reactions
71
obligate aerobe
organism that requires a constant supply of oxygen in order to live
72
obligate anaerobe
organism that cannot live in the presence of oxygen
73
facultative anaerobe
organism that can survive with or without oxygen
74
binary fission
type of asexual reproduction in which an organism replicates its DNA and divides in half, producing two identical daughter cells
75
conjugation
form of sexual reproduction in which paramecia and some prokaryotes exchange genetic information
76
endospore
type of spore formed when a bacterium produces a thick internal wall that encloses its DNA and a portion of its cytoplasm
77
nitrogen fixation
process of converting nitrogen gas into ammonia
78
pathogen
disease,causing agent
79
vaccine
a preparation of weakened or killed pathogens
80
antibiotic
compound that blocks the growth and reproduction of bacteria
81
viriod
Single stranded RNA molecules that have no surrounding capsids that cause disease in plants.
82
prion
infectious particles composed of protein with no nucleic acid
83
virus
a particle made up of nucleic acid, protein, and in some cases lipids that can replicate only by infecting living cells
84
capsid
outer protein coat of a virus
85
bacteriophage
virus that infects bacteria
86
lytic infection
process in which a virus enters a cell, makes a copy of itself, and causes the cell to burst
87
lysogenic infection
process by which a virus embeds its DNA into the DNA of the host cell and is replicated along with the host cell's DNA
88
prophage
the viral DNA that is embedded in the host cell's DNA
89
retrovirus
virus that contains RNA as its genetic information
90
gene pool
combined genetic information of all the members of a particular population
91
relative frequency
number of times an allele occurs in a gene pool compared with the number of times other alleles occur
92
single,gene trait
trait controlled by a single gene that has two alleles
93
polygenic trait
trait controlled by two or more genes
94
directional selection
form of natural selection in which the entire curve moves; occurs when individuals at one end of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve
95
stabilizing selection
form of natural selection by which the center of the curve remains in its current position; occurs when individuals near the center of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end
96
disruptive selection
form of natural selection in which a single curve splits into two; occurs when individuals at the upper and lower ends of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle
97
genetic drift
random change in allele frequencies that occurs in small populations
98
founder effect
change in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population
99
Hardy,Weinberg principle
principle that allele frequencies in a population will remain constant unless one or more factors cause the frequencies to change
100
genetic equilibrium
situation in which allele frequencies remain constant
101
speciation
formation of new species
102
reproductive isolation
separation of species or populations so that they cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring
103
behavioral isolation
form of reproductive isolation in which two populations have differences in courtship rituals or other types of behavior that prevent them from interbreeding
104
geographical isolation
form of reproductive isolation in which two populations are separated physically by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, or stretches of water
105
temporal isolation
form of reproductive isolation in which two populations reproduce at different times
106
evolution
change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms
107
theory
well,tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations
108
fossil
preserved remains or evidence of an ancient organism
109
artificial selection
selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from natural variation
110
struggle for existence
competition among members of a species for food, living space, and the other necessities of life
111
fitness
ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment
112
adaptation
inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival
113
survival of the fittest
process by which the individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called natural selection
114
natural selection
process by which the individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest
115
descent with modification
principle that each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time
116
common descent
principle that all living things were derived from common ancestors
117
homologous structures
structures that have different mature forms in different organisms but develop from the same embryonic tissues
118
vestigial organ
organ that serves no useful function in an organism
119
transformation
process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria
120
bacteriophage
kind of virus that infects bacteria
121
nucleotide
building block of a nucleic acid (DNA and RNA)
122
base pairing
Adenine+ Thymine, Cytosine+ Guanine
123
chromatin
long strands of DNA found in the eukaryotic cell nucleus; condense to form chromosomes
124
histone
protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin
125
replication
(genetics) the process whereby DNA makes a copy of itself before cell division
126
DNA polymerase
enzyme that makes bonds between nucleotides, forming an identical strand of DNA during replication
127
gene
sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait
128
mRNA (messenger RNA)
RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell
129
rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes
130
tRNA (transfer RNA)
type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis
131
transcription
process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA
132
RNA polymerase
enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription
133
promoter
region of DNA that indicates to an enzyme where to bind to make RNA
134
intron
sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein
135
exon
expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein
136
codon
three,nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid
137
translation
decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain
138
anticodon
group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon
139
mutation
a change or alteration in form or qualities
140
point mutation
gene mutation involving changes in one or a few nucleotides
141
frameshift mutation
mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide
142
polyploidy
condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes
143
sex,linked genes
genes found on the chromosomes that determine sex, XX= female, XY= male
144
nondisjunction
occurs in meiosis when homologous chromosomes fail to separate
145
homologous
term used to refer to chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite,sex parent
146
diploid
term used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes
147
haploid
term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes
148
meiosis
process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell
149
tetrad
structure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis
150
crossing,over
process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis
151
cell division
process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells
152
mitosis
part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides
153
cytokinesis
division of the cytoplasm during cell division
154
chromatid
one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome
155
centromere
area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached
156
interphase
period of the cell cycle between cell divisions
157
cell cycle
series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
158
prophase
first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus
159
centriole
one of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope
160
spindle
fanlike microtubule structure that helps separate the chromosomes during mitosis
161
metaphase
second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
162
anaphase
the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles
163
telophase
fourth and final phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes begin to disperse into a tangle of dense material
164
cyclin
one of a family of closely related proteins that regulate the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells
165
cancer
disorder in which some of the body's own cells lose the ability to control growth
166
homologous
term used to refer to chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite,sex parent
167
diploid
term used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes
168
haploid
term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes
169
meiosis
process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell
170
tetrad
structure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis
171
crossing,over
process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis
