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Workbook1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

ecology

A

scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment

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2
Q

biosphere

A

part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere

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3
Q

species

A

group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring

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4
Q

population

A

group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area

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5
Q

community

A

assemblages of different populations that live together in a defined area

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6
Q

ecosystem

A

collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with their nonliving environment

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7
Q

biome

A

group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant communities

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8
Q

autotroph

A

organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; also called a producer

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9
Q

producer

A

organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce food from inorganic compounds; also called an autotroph

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10
Q

photosynthesis

A

process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high,energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches

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11
Q

chemosythesis

A

process by which some organisms, such as certain bacteria, use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates

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12
Q

heterotroph

A

organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer

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13
Q

consumer

A

organism that relies on other organisms for its energy and food supply; also called a heterotroph

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14
Q

herbivore

A

organism that obtains energy by eating only plants

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15
Q

carnivore

A

organism that obtains energy by eating animals

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16
Q

omnivore

A

organism that obtains energy by eating both plants and animals

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17
Q

detritivore

A

organism that feeds on plant and animal remains and other dead matter

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18
Q

decomposer

A

organism that breaks down and obtains energy from dead organic matter

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19
Q

food chain

A

series of steps in an ecosystem in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten

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20
Q

food web

A

network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem

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21
Q

trophic level

A

step in a food chain or food web

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22
Q

ecological pyramid

A

diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy or matter within each trophic level in a food chain or food web

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23
Q

biomass

A

total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level

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24
Q

biogeochemical cycle

A

process in which elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another

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25
Q

evaporation

A

process by which water changes from a liquid into an atmospheric gas

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26
Q

transpiration

A

loss of water from a plant through its leaves

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27
Q

nutrient

A

chemical substance that an organism requires to live

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28
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

process of converting nitrogen gas into ammonia

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29
Q

denitrification

A

conversion of nitrates into nitrogen gas

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30
Q

primary productivity

A

rate at which organic matter is created by producers in an ecosystem

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31
Q

limiting nutrient

A

single nutrient that either is scarce or cycles very slowly, limiting the growth of organisms in an ecosystem

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32
Q

algal bloom

A

an immediate increase in the amount of algae and other producers that results from a large input of a limiting nutrient

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33
Q

accessory pigment

A

compound other than chlorophyll that absorbs light at different wavelengths than chlorophyll

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34
Q

eyespot

A

Group of cells that can detect changes in the amount of light in the environment

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35
Q

pellicle

A

Cell membrane in Euglenas

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36
Q

phytoplankton

A

population of algae and other small, photosynthetic organisms found near the surface of the ocean and forming part of plankton

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37
Q

phycobilin

A

accesory pigment found in red algae that is especially good at absorbing blue light.

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38
Q

filament

A

In algae, a long threadlike colony formed by many green algae; in plants, a long, thin structure that supports an anther

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39
Q

alternation of generations

A

process in which many algae switch back and forth between haploid and diploid stages of their life cycles

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40
Q

gametophyte

A

Haploid, or gamete,producing, phase of an organism

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41
Q

spore

A

haploid reproductive cell

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42
Q

sporophyte

A

diploid, or spore,producing, phase of an organism

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43
Q

protist

A

any eukaryote that is not a plant, an animal, or a fungus

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44
Q

pseudopod

A

temporary projection of cytoplasm, or a “false foot,” used by some protists for feeding or movement

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45
Q

amoeboid movement

A

Type of locomotion used by amoebas

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46
Q

food vacuole

A

small cavity in the cytoplasm of protists that temporarily stores food

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47
Q

cilium

A

short hairlike projection similar to a flagellum; produces movement in many cells

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48
Q

trichocyst

A

small, bottle,shaped structure used for defense by paramecia

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49
Q

macronucleus

A

the larger of a ciliate’s two nuclei, contains multiple copies of most of the genes that the cell needs in its day,to,day existence

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50
Q

micronucleus

A

the smaller of a ciliate’s two nuclei; contains a “reserve copy” of all of the cell’s genes

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51
Q

gullet

A

indentation in one side of a ciliate that allows food to enter the cell

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52
Q

anal pore

A

region of the cell membrane of a ciliate where waste,containing food vacuoles fuse and are then emptied into the environment

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53
Q

contractile vacuole

A

Cavity in the cytoplasm of some protists that collects water and discharges it from the cell

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54
Q

conjugation

A

form of sexual reproduction in which paramecia and some prokaryotes exchange genetic information

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55
Q

cellular slime mold

A

slime mold whose individual cells remain separated during every phase of the mold’s life cycle

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56
Q

acellular slime mold

A

slime mold that passes through a stage in which its cells fuse to form large cells with many nuclei

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57
Q

fruiting body

A

slender reproductive structure that produces spores and is found in some funguslike protists; reproductive structure of fungus that develops from a mycelium

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58
Q

plasmodium

A

structure with many nuclei formed by acellular slime molds

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59
Q

hypha

A

tiny filament that makes up a multicellular fungus or a water mold

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60
Q

zoosporangium

A

Spore case

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61
Q

antheridium

A

Male reproductive structure in some algae and plants

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62
Q

oogonium

A

Specialized structure formed by hyphae that produces female Nuclei

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63
Q

prokaryote

A

unicellular organism lacking a nucleus

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64
Q

bacillus

A

rod,shaped prokaryote

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65
Q

coccus

A

spherical prokaryote

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66
Q

spirillum

A

spiral or corkscrew,shaped prokaryote

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67
Q

chemoheterotroph

A

organism that must take in organic molecules for both energy and carbon

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68
Q

photoheterotroph

A

organism that is photosynthetic but needs organic compounds as a carbon source

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69
Q

photoautotroph

A

organism that uses energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water to carbon compounds

70
Q

chemoautotroph

A

organism that makes organic carbon molecules from carbon dioxide using energy from chemical reactions

71
Q

obligate aerobe

A

organism that requires a constant supply of oxygen in order to live

72
Q

obligate anaerobe

A

organism that cannot live in the presence of oxygen

73
Q

facultative anaerobe

A

organism that can survive with or without oxygen

74
Q

binary fission

A

type of asexual reproduction in which an organism replicates its DNA and divides in half, producing two identical daughter cells

75
Q

conjugation

A

form of sexual reproduction in which paramecia and some prokaryotes exchange genetic information

76
Q

endospore

A

type of spore formed when a bacterium produces a thick internal wall that encloses its DNA and a portion of its cytoplasm

77
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

process of converting nitrogen gas into ammonia

78
Q

pathogen

A

disease,causing agent

79
Q

vaccine

A

a preparation of weakened or killed pathogens

80
Q

antibiotic

A

compound that blocks the growth and reproduction of bacteria

81
Q

viriod

A

Single stranded RNA molecules that have no surrounding capsids that cause disease in plants.

82
Q

prion

A

infectious particles composed of protein with no nucleic acid

83
Q

virus

A

a particle made up of nucleic acid, protein, and in some cases lipids that can replicate only by infecting living cells

84
Q

capsid

A

outer protein coat of a virus

85
Q

bacteriophage

A

virus that infects bacteria

86
Q

lytic infection

A

process in which a virus enters a cell, makes a copy of itself, and causes the cell to burst

87
Q

lysogenic infection

A

process by which a virus embeds its DNA into the DNA of the host cell and is replicated along with the host cell’s DNA

88
Q

prophage

A

the viral DNA that is embedded in the host cell’s DNA

89
Q

retrovirus

A

virus that contains RNA as its genetic information

90
Q

gene pool

A

combined genetic information of all the members of a particular population

91
Q

relative frequency

A

number of times an allele occurs in a gene pool compared with the number of times other alleles occur

92
Q

single,gene trait

A

trait controlled by a single gene that has two alleles

93
Q

polygenic trait

A

trait controlled by two or more genes

94
Q

directional selection

A

form of natural selection in which the entire curve moves; occurs when individuals at one end of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve

95
Q

stabilizing selection

A

form of natural selection by which the center of the curve remains in its current position; occurs when individuals near the center of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end

96
Q

disruptive selection

A

form of natural selection in which a single curve splits into two; occurs when individuals at the upper and lower ends of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle

97
Q

genetic drift

A

random change in allele frequencies that occurs in small populations

98
Q

founder effect

A

change in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population

99
Q

Hardy,Weinberg principle

A

principle that allele frequencies in a population will remain constant unless one or more factors cause the frequencies to change

100
Q

genetic equilibrium

A

situation in which allele frequencies remain constant

101
Q

speciation

A

formation of new species

102
Q

reproductive isolation

A

separation of species or populations so that they cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring

103
Q

behavioral isolation

A

form of reproductive isolation in which two populations have differences in courtship rituals or other types of behavior that prevent them from interbreeding

104
Q

geographical isolation

A

form of reproductive isolation in which two populations are separated physically by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, or stretches of water

105
Q

temporal isolation

A

form of reproductive isolation in which two populations reproduce at different times

106
Q

evolution

A

change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms

107
Q

theory

A

well,tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations

108
Q

fossil

A

preserved remains or evidence of an ancient organism

109
Q

artificial selection

A

selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from natural variation

110
Q

struggle for existence

A

competition among members of a species for food, living space, and the other necessities of life

111
Q

fitness

A

ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment

112
Q

adaptation

A

inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance of survival

113
Q

survival of the fittest

A

process by which the individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called natural selection

114
Q

natural selection

A

process by which the individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest

115
Q

descent with modification

A

principle that each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time

116
Q

common descent

A

principle that all living things were derived from common ancestors

117
Q

homologous structures

A

structures that have different mature forms in different organisms but develop from the same embryonic tissues

118
Q

vestigial organ

A

organ that serves no useful function in an organism

119
Q

transformation

A

process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria

120
Q

bacteriophage

A

kind of virus that infects bacteria

121
Q

nucleotide

A

building block of a nucleic acid (DNA and RNA)

122
Q

base pairing

A

Adenine+ Thymine, Cytosine+ Guanine

123
Q

chromatin

A

long strands of DNA found in the eukaryotic cell nucleus; condense to form chromosomes

124
Q

histone

A

protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin

125
Q

replication

A

(genetics) the process whereby DNA makes a copy of itself before cell division

126
Q

DNA polymerase

A

enzyme that makes bonds between nucleotides, forming an identical strand of DNA during replication

127
Q

gene

A

sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait

128
Q

mRNA (messenger RNA)

A

RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell

129
Q

rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

A

type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes

130
Q

tRNA (transfer RNA)

A

type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis

131
Q

transcription

A

process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA

132
Q

RNA polymerase

A

enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription

133
Q

promoter

A

region of DNA that indicates to an enzyme where to bind to make RNA

134
Q

intron

A

sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein

135
Q

exon

A

expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein

136
Q

codon

A

three,nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid

137
Q

translation

A

decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain

138
Q

anticodon

A

group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon

139
Q

mutation

A

a change or alteration in form or qualities

140
Q

point mutation

A

gene mutation involving changes in one or a few nucleotides

141
Q

frameshift mutation

A

mutation that shifts the “reading” frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide

142
Q

polyploidy

A

condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes

143
Q

sex,linked genes

A

genes found on the chromosomes that determine sex, XX= female, XY= male

144
Q

nondisjunction

A

occurs in meiosis when homologous chromosomes fail to separate

145
Q

homologous

A

term used to refer to chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite,sex parent

146
Q

diploid

A

term used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes

147
Q

haploid

A

term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes

148
Q

meiosis

A

process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell

149
Q

tetrad

A

structure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis

150
Q

crossing,over

A

process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis

151
Q

cell division

A

process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells

152
Q

mitosis

A

part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides

153
Q

cytokinesis

A

division of the cytoplasm during cell division

154
Q

chromatid

A

one of two identical “sister” parts of a duplicated chromosome

155
Q

centromere

A

area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached

156
Q

interphase

A

period of the cell cycle between cell divisions

157
Q

cell cycle

A

series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide

158
Q

prophase

A

first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus

159
Q

centriole

A

one of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope

160
Q

spindle

A

fanlike microtubule structure that helps separate the chromosomes during mitosis

161
Q

metaphase

A

second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

162
Q

anaphase

A

the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles

163
Q

telophase

A

fourth and final phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes begin to disperse into a tangle of dense material

164
Q

cyclin

A

one of a family of closely related proteins that regulate the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells

165
Q

cancer

A

disorder in which some of the body’s own cells lose the ability to control growth

166
Q

homologous

A

term used to refer to chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite,sex parent

167
Q

diploid

A

term used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes

168
Q

haploid

A

term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes

169
Q

meiosis

A

process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell

170
Q

tetrad

A

structure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis

171
Q

crossing,over

A

process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis

Science (9 decks)

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