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1
Q

What is the puborectalis muscle?

A

A U-shaped sling that runs from the body of the pubis and forms a sling around the lower rectum

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2
Q

What is the function of the puborectalis muscle?

A

Aids in fecal continence by maintaining the anorectal angle

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3
Q

What is the perineal flexure?

A

The angle or flexure at the anorectal junction maintained by the puborectalis muscle

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4
Q

What is required for defecation concerning the puborectalis muscle?

A

Relaxation of the muscle

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5
Q

Where does the iliococcygeus muscle start and attach?

A

Starts at the posterior aspect of the tendinous arch and anteriorly at the ischial spine, attaching posteriorly at the coccyx and the anococcygeal ligament

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6
Q

What is the primary action of the iliococcygeus muscle?

A

Elevates the pelvic floor and the anorectal canal

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7
Q

What is the tendinous arch?

A

A condensed area of the obturator fascia to which the muscles are attached along the inner walls of the true pelvis

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8
Q

Which nerves innervate the levator ani?

A

Anterior branches of sacral nerves (S2-S4) and the perineal branch of the pudendal nerve

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9
Q

What is the shape of the coccygeus muscle?

A

Triangular in shape, overlying the sacrospinous ligaments

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10
Q

Where do the coccygeus muscles originate?

A

From the ischial spine and the pelvic surface of the sacrospinous ligament

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11
Q

What is the function of the coccygeus muscle?

A

Holds pelvic organs in place and flexes the coccyx

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12
Q

What innervates the coccygeus muscle?

A

Branches of the anterior rami of S4 and S5

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13
Q

What is the role of the anterior division of the internal iliac artery?

A

Supplies the levator ani muscles with oxygenated blood

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14
Q

List the branches that supply the pelvic floor.

A
  • Internal pudendal artery
  • Inferior gluteal artery
  • Inferior vesical artery
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15
Q
A
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16
Q

What defect is known in the levator ani muscles?

A

Urogenital hiatus

The urogenital hiatus is an anteriorly located gap allowing the passage of the urethra and vagina in females.

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17
Q

What structures support the pelvic floor anteriorly?

A
  • The perineal membrane
  • Muscles in the deep perineal pouch

These structures provide support to the pelvic floor.

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18
Q

What three openings are present in the U-shaped region of the pelvic floor?

A
  • Urethra
  • Anal canal
  • Vagina (in female)

These openings facilitate urination and defecation.

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19
Q

What is the urogenital hiatus?

A

An anteriorly located gap allowing passage of the urethra and vagina

It is one of the two ‘holes’ in the U-shaped opening.

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20
Q

What is the rectal hiatus?

A

A centrally located gap allowing passage of the anal canal

It is the second ‘hole’ in the U-shaped opening.

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21
Q

What is the perineal body?

A

A fibrous node joining the pelvic floor to the perineum

It lies between the urogenital hiatus and the anal canal.

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22
Q

What are the components of the circular insertion of the levator ani?

A
  • Body of the pubic bone
  • Tendinous arch
  • Spine of the ischium

The tendinous arch is a thickening of the fascia of the obturator internus.

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23
Q

What are the two types of hiatus formed by the levator ani muscles?

A
  • Urogenital hiatus
  • Anal hiatus

The urogenital hiatus allows passage of the urethra and vagina, while the anal hiatus allows passage of the anal canal.

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24
Q

What ligament is formed by the posterior meeting of the levator ani muscles?

A

Anococcygeal ligament/body

This ligament is attached to the coccyx.

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25
How many collections of muscle fibers does the levator ani have?
At least three ## Footnote These collections are based on site of origin and relationship to viscera in the midline.
26
What are the subdivisions of the pubococcygeus muscle?
* Puboprostaticus (levator prostatae) * Pubovaginalis * Puboanalis ## Footnote These subdivisions are based on association with structures in the midline.
27
What is the main function of the pubococcygeus muscle?
Aids in urinary continence and supports proper positioning of the baby's head during childbirth ## Footnote It is the main constituent of the levator ani.
28
Where do the muscle fibers of the pubococcygeus arise from?
* Body of the pubic bone * Anterior aspect of the tendinous arch ## Footnote These muscle fibers travel around the margin of the urogenital hiatus.
29
30
What are the compartments into which the lesser pelvis is divided?
Peritoneal cavity, Subperitoneal cavity, Ischioanal fossa ## Footnote These compartments house different anatomical structures and spaces.
31
Where is the subperitoneal space located?
Between the parietal peritoneum and the pelvic floor ## Footnote This space contains various organs and structures.
32
What are the contents of the subperitoneal space?
* Lower 1/3 of the rectum * Pelvic part of ureter * Urinary bladder * Proximal part of urethra * Internal genital organs (female: uterus, vagina; male: prostate, seminal vesicle, pelvic part of ductus deferens) * Branches and tributaries of the internal iliac artery and vein * Pelvic plexuses ## Footnote The space contains essential organs for both male and female reproductive systems.
33
What are the subperitoneal spaces surrounding the urinary bladder?
* Prevesical * Paravesical * Retrovesical ## Footnote These spaces play a role in the anatomy surrounding the bladder.
34
What are the subperitoneal spaces surrounding the uterus?
* Parametrium * Paracervix ## Footnote These spaces are important for uterine support and function.
35
What is the subperitoneal space surrounding the vagina?
Paracolpium ## Footnote This space is crucial for the anatomical support of the vagina.
36
What are the subperitoneal spaces surrounding the rectum?
* Pararectal/Paraproctium * Retrorectal/Presacral ## Footnote These spaces are significant in relation to rectal anatomy.
37
True or False: The pelvic floor is the same as the diaphragm.
False ## Footnote This statement is incorrect because it overlooks the components of the pelvic floor.
38
What components make up the pelvic floor?
* Pelvic diaphragm * Perineal membrane * Deep perineal pouch ## Footnote These components work together to support pelvic organs.
39
What is the main function of the pelvic floor?
* Supports abdominal and pelvic organs * Controls openings of the rectum and urogenital passages ## Footnote These functions are vital for maintaining pelvic integrity and function.
40
What shape does the pelvic diaphragm resemble?
Bowl or funnel ## Footnote This shape is important for its functional support in the pelvis.
41
What muscles comprise the pelvic diaphragm?
* Levator ani * Coccygeus ## Footnote These muscles play a critical role in pelvic support.
42
What is the relationship between the superior fascia of the pelvic diaphragm and the parietal pelvic fascia?
The superior fascia is continuous with the parietal pelvic fascia ## Footnote This connection is important for structural integrity.
43
What covers the inferior aspect of the pelvic diaphragm?
Inferior fascia of the pelvic diaphragm ## Footnote This fascia provides additional support to the pelvic organs.
44
45
What is the pelvic cavity also known as?
cavitas pelvis
46
What are the components of the pelvic fascia?
* parital pelvic fascia (fascia pelvis parietalis) * piriformis fascia (fascia m. piriformis) * obturator fascia (fascia obturatoria) * superior fascia of pelvic diaphragm (fascia superior diaphragmatis pelvis) * visceral pelvic fascia (fascia pelvis visceralis)
47
What does the visceral pelvic fascia cover?
Covers the pelvic organs and surrounds vessels and nerves in the subperitoneal space
48
What does the parietal pelvic fascia line?
Lines the walls of the pelvis and is named according to the muscle it overlies
49
What does the parietal pelvic fascia become continuous with?
The fascia covering the inferior surface of the pelvic diaphragm in the perineum
50
What muscles does the parietal pelvic fascia cover?
* sphincter urethrae muscle * perineal membrane
51
What does the visceral layer of pelvic fascia support?
All the pelvic viscera
52
What are the names of the fascial ligaments in the visceral layer?
* pubovesical ligament * sacrocervical ligament
53
Where is the greater sciatic foramen located?
Above the level of the pelvic floor
54
What is the function of the greater sciatic foramen?
A route of communication between the pelvic cavity and the gluteal region of the lower limb
55
Where is the lesser sciatic foramen located?
Below the pelvic floor
56
What is the function of the lesser sciatic foramen?
Provides a route of communication between the gluteal region of the lower limb and the perineum
57
What does the extraperitoneal space encompass?
Several subspaces found outside the peritoneal cavity
58
What is the preperitoneal space?
Located between the parietal fascia and the peritoneum
59
Why is the preperitoneal space significant?
Crucial in surgeries such as hernia repairs
60
What is the retropubic space also known as?
Prevesical Space / Retzius' Space
61
Where is the retropubic space located?
Between the pubic bone and the bladder
62
What is the retroinguinal space located near?
The inguinal canal, behind the inguinal ligament
63
What is the retroperitoneal space?
A major anatomical space behind the peritoneum containing the kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, aorta, and other structures
64
Why is understanding the retroperitoneal space vital?
Important for abdominal surgeries and managing trauma cases
65
What does the infraperitoneal space include?
Parts that lie below the peritoneal cavity, such as portions of the colon and the urinary bladder
66

Urogenital System (2 decks)

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