Words from anywhere Flashcards
blend in with
=if something blends in, it matches or is similar to everything that is around or near it
● The carpet doesn’t blend in with the rest of the room.
● The thieves soon blended in with the crowd and got away.
take measures
=do something in order to deal with a problem
● many businesses take measures to prevent shoplifting
take measurements
=take somebody’s measurements
measure someone in order to make or get clothes for them
● The tailor carefully took measurements of the customer’s body to create a custom-fitted suit.
● To design the new furniture, the interior designer took measurements of the room to determine the available space.
vandalism .n
=the crime of deliberately damaging things, especially public property
vandal .n= someone who deliberately damages things, especially public property
trespassing
= the offence of going onto someone’s land without their permission
carjacking
=the crime of stealing a car while someone is in it by using physical force or threats
+hijacking
burglary
=the crime of getting into a building to steal things:
● He was charged with burglary.
● Most burglaries happen at night.
burglar
arson .noun [uncountable]
the crime of deliberately making something burn, especially a building
● The school was destroyed in an arson attack.
genocide .noun [uncountable]
= the deliberate murder of a whole group or race of people
mugging
=the crime of attacking somebody violently, or threatening to do so, in order to steal their money, especially in a public place
● Mugging is on the increase.
● There have been several muggings here recently.
● Murders, kidnaps and muggings are reported daily in the newspapers.
pick-pocketing
= stealing from someone’s bag or pocket
pick-pocket:someone who steals things from people’s pockets, especially in a crowd
smuggling .noun [uncountable]
the crime of taking something illegally from one country to another:
● He was arrested in connection with drug smuggling.
identity fraud
= pretending to be someone else
ransomware
= software that blocks your computer until you pay money
a white collar worker
کارمندان یقه سفید (منظور کارمندانی است که کار فیزیکی انجام نمیدهند)
someone who works in an office, a bank etc
white collar crime
=crimes involving white collar workers, for example embezzlement = when someone secretly steals money from the organization they work for
embezzlement
when someone secretly steals money from the organization they work for
[verb] embezzle
[noun] embezzlement , embezzler
deter .v
=to stop someone from doing something, by making them realize it will be difficult or have bad results
deterrent
● Effective law enforcement can deter crime by making potential offenders aware of the consequences.
recidivism .n
the act or habit of continuing to commit crimes, and seeming unable to stop, even after being punished
● high rates of recidivism
● The criminal justice system can provide rehabilitation for offenders, reducing recidivism.
recidivist. noun [countable]:
a criminal who starts doing illegal things again, even after he or she has been punished
victimhood .n[uncountable]
the state of being a victim
● The attacks left them with a deep sense of victimhood.
● She had therapy to help her overcome her sense of victimhood.
slip up .v
to make a mistake
● The company apologized for slipping up so badly.
● These figures don’t make sense - have we slipped up somewhere?
slip-up noun [countable]
● a careless mistake:
We cannot afford another slip-up.
released on bail
released from prison before their trial happens by payment of a sum of money
● The defendant was released on bail after posting the required amount.
To put someone on probation
= to release from prison early (to try and lead a normal life)
● The judge put the young offender on probation.
● The court ordered her to be put on probation.
● He was put on probation for two years.
directory
a book or list of names, facts etc, usually arranged in alphabetical order:
● I couldn’t find your number in the telephone directory.
directory enquiries British = 118 =directory assistance American
inquire .v
to ask someone for information:
inquiry n.
inquirer= a person who asks for information
secretary .n[plural secretaries]
منشی
=a clerk
● My secretary will fax you all the details.
● Please contact my secretary to make an appointment.
tenant .n
someone who lives in a house, room etc and pays rent to the person who owns it ⇒ landlord
● The decorating was done by a previous tenant.
● tenant farmers (= ones who do not own their own farms)
embarkation .n
the act of getting onto a ship or plane
!= disembarkation
● Embarkation will be at 14:20 hours.
● As the embarkation time approached,
turn up
- turn something ↔ up to turn a switch on a machine such as an oven, radio etc so that it produces more heat, sound etc Antonym : turn down:
● Turn the oven up to 220.
● Turn up the radio! - یهو ظاهر شدن
● Eventually my watch turned up in a coat pocket.
● Don’t worry about it - something will turn up, you’ll see
● This job turned up just when I needed it.
● Steve turned up late, as usual.
take up
1=to become interested in a new activity and to spend time doing it:
● Roger took painting up for a while, but soon lost interest.
2= to start a new job or have a new responsibility:
● Peter will take up the management of the finance department.
take up a post/a position/duties etc
● The headteacher takes her duties up in August.
exacerbate .v
= to make something worse, especially a disease or problem Synonym : aggravate
● His aggressive reaction only exacerbated the situation.
● The symptoms may be exacerbated by certain drugs.
● exacerbating environmental challenges in already vulnerable ecosystems.
surge .n, .v
1= to suddenly move very quickly in a particular direction
surge forward/through etc
● The taxi surged forward.
● The crowd surged through the gates.
2= if a feeling surges or surges up, you begin to feel it very strongly:
● She could feel anger surging inside her.
3= a sudden large increase in a feeling:
● a surge of excitement
4=a sudden increase in amount or number
● a surge in food costs
● a surge of refugees into the country
belittle .v
= to make someone or something seem small or unimportant:
● She felt her husband constantly belittled her achievements.
● By saying this, I do not mean to belittle the importance of his role.
● He tends to belittle her efforts.
● Stop belittling yourself - your work is highly valued.
unsolicited .adj
=not asked for and often not wanted: unrequested
● unsolicited calls
● unsolicited advice
confide .v
- to tell someone you trust about personal things that you do not want other people to know
confide to somebody that
● He confided to his friends that he didn’t have much hope for his marriage.
● He likes some one to confide in.
● Una confided all her secrets to her.
confide in somebody
● He confided in me the secret of his technique.
● I’ve never felt able to confide in my sister.
agitated .adj
=so nervous or upset that you are unable to keep still or think calmly:
● He sounded very agitated on the phone.
● explain everything in precise terms without bbecomming impatient and agitated.
ambiguity .n
ابهام
● Write clear definitions in order to avoid ambiguity.
● a speech full of ambiguities
● Thus, a trace of ambiguity in the data can lower success rate.
a message which leaves scopes for ambiguity can…
proponent n.
=someone who supports something or persuades people to do something
● He has always been a strong proponent of women’s rights.
● Proponents argue the dam will prevent flooding.
● The theory does still have its proponents.
leading/main/major proponent
● He is one of the leading proponents of this view.
take for granted
take sth for granted
to believe something to be the truth without even thinking about it:
● I didn’t realize that Melanie hadn’t been to college - I suppose I just took it for granted.
● Mr. Harper took for granted that the invitation included his wife.
● A teacher cannot take it for granted that students always do their homework.
incidence .n
the number of times something happens, especially crime, disease etc ⇒ rate
● an area with a high incidence of crime
Smokers had the highest incidence of colds.
● The lack of vitamins may explain the higher incidence of heart disease.
● There is a greater incidence of cancer in the families of radiation workers.
impede .v
to make it difficult for someone or something to move forward or make progress:
● Work on the building was impeded by severe weather.
● Although he’s shy, it certainly hasn’t impeded his career in any way.
● Rescue attempts were impeded by the storm.
inherent .adj
existing as a natural or basic part of something:
● There are dangers/risks inherent in almost every sport.
● an inherent weakness in the design of the machine
● Violence is inherent in our society.
● I’m afraid the problems you mention are inherent in the system.
● Every business has its own inherent risks.
prospective .adj
!=perspective
= prospective employee/candidate/buyer etc someone who is likely to do a particular thing or achieve a particular position = potential
● I had a phone call from a prospective client today.
● They are worried about prospective changes in the law.
● The job interview went well, and the prospective employee is eagerly waiting to hear back from the hiring manager.
intrigue .v, .n
1=if something intrigues you, it interests you a lot because it seems strange or mysterious:
● He was intrigued by her story.
“Stop me if I’m boring you.” “No, please carry on - I’m intrigued!”
2=to make secret plans to harm someone or make them lose their position of power
intrigue against
● Despite the intrigue against her, the queen remained strong and united her people.
● The rival company tried to intrigue against us by spreading false information about our products.
wholesome .adj
!= unwholesome
1=good for your health
● fresh, wholesome food
2=morally good; having a good moral influence
● Reading wholesome stories to children can have a positive impact on their character development.
● Engaging in wholesome activities, such as volunteering or helping others, can foster a sense of fulfillment and satisfaction.
deplete .v
=to reduce something by a large amount so that there is not enough left
● Food supplies were severely depleted.
● Supplies are depleting fast.
If we continue to deplete the Earth’s natural resources, we will cause serious damage to the environment.
● The illness depletes the body of important vitamins.
● Measures have been taken to protect the world’s depleted elephant population.
● the depletion of the ozone layer
deprive .v
محروم کردن
● He claimed that he had been deprived of his freedom/rights.
● You can’t function properly when you’re deprived of sleep
● She had a deprived childhood/comes from a deprived background.
● a deprived area
● Sleep deprivation can result in mental disorders.
flit .v
=to move lightly and quickly from one place or thing to another گذرا رد شدن
● She seemed to spend her life flitting from one country to another.
● His eyes flitted to his watch.
● Butterflies flitted from flower to flower.
● He flits from one job to another.
● A smile flitted across his face.
● A thought flitted through my mind.
vacant .adj
● A seat became vacant and he sat down in it.
● The office of president had been left vacant since her retirement.
● The job will be kept vacant for a few more weeks.
interfere .v
interfering .adj
● Emotional problems can seriously interfere with a student’s work.
● Britain has no right to interfere in the internal affairs of other countries.
● If you try to interfere in my life, I’ll leave
● The courts are reluctant to interfere in these matters.
recruit .n .v
n(countable)
● It’s difficult to attract recruits when working conditions are so poor.
● A common way for companies to find new recruits is
● Army recruits are all trained in first aid.
●some institutions directly recruit their own staff
● Most of the workers will be recruited locally.
● She personally recruited the teachers
● Staff were recruited specially for the event.
● She has been recruited as Sales Manager.
● A hundred patients were recruited for the study.
● Soldiers were recruited from the local villages
● Ten new members were recruited to the committee
undertake .v
=1. to accept that you are responsible for a piece of work, and start to do it
undertake a task/a project/research/a study etc
● I undertook the task of writing a comprehensive English dictionary.
2=undertake to do something to promise or agree to do something:
● He undertook to pay the money back in six months.
obligation .n
=a moral or legal duty to do something
● America’s obligation to its allies
● Employers have an obligation to treat all employees equally.
● Parents are under a legal obligation to educate their children.
● You are under no obligation to buy any more books.
● a moral obligation to help the poor
● She did not feel under any obligation to tell him the truth.
● I felt that there was a moral obligation on me to tell the story.
● The company did not have enough money to meet its obligations.
glamorous .adj
=especially attractive and exciting, and different from ordinary things or people
!= unglamorous
● glamorous movie stars
● a glamorous job
● On television, she looks so glamorous.
● a glamorous lifestyle
opportunistic .adj
● Opportunistic infections can occur when the immune system is weakened.
● The opportunistic thief took advantage of the open window to break into the house.
● The opportunistic player scored when the opposing team made a mistake.
● He has an opportunistic mindset and sees potential in every situation.
● She’s known for her opportunistic nature, always seeking chances to advance her career.
resourceful .adj
[noun] resourcefulness
[adj.] resourceful
[adv.] resourcefully
=good at finding ways of dealing with practical problems:
● A resourceful engineer can create innovative designs using available resources.
glossy .adj
smooth and shiny
● glossy hair
● a glossy brochure/magazine (= printed on shiny paper)
foyer
n. [countable]
a room or hall at the entrance to a public building Synonym : lobby
hotel/theatre/cinema etc foyer
cloakroom n.
countable
a small room where you can leave your coat Synonym : coatroom American English
at the cloakroom
!=clock
fragile .adj
1=easily broken or damaged
● fragile bones
2= weak and uncertain; easy to destroy or harm
● a fragile alliance/ceasefire/relationship
● fragile health
handout .n[countable]
1=food, money or clothes that are given to a person who is poor
● I don’t want to be dependent on handouts.
● state handouts to the poor
● a handout from the government
2=a document given to students or reporters which contains information about a particular subject:
● More information can be found in the handout.
● On page two of your handout you will find a list of the books that I have referred to during the lecture.
documentary .n[cou]
a film or a television or radio programme that gives detailed information about a particular subject
documentary on/about
interaction
● the interaction of demand and supply.
● the complex interaction between mind and body
● the degree of interaction between teacher and student
● interactive teaching methods
typo .n[count]
a small mistake in the way something has been typed or printed
● Could you check this letter for typos?
● Be carefull to avoid typos
annotate .v
to add short notes to a book or piece of writing to explain parts of it:
● The text was annotated with her own comments.
subsequent .adj
happening or coming after something else
●subsequent pages of the book
●events that happened subsequent to the accident
● subsequent generations
[adv.] subsequently
comprehensive .adj
including all the necessary facts, details, or problems that need to be dealt with
● a comprehensive study of alcoholism
● a thorough and comprehensive review of the case
● comprehensive insurance (= covering all risks)
erode .v
●The cliffs are being constantly eroded by heavy seas.
● The cliff face has been steadily eroded by the sea
● Her confidence has been slowly eroded by repeated failures.
● We live in a world whose moral base has been eroded.
● the problem of soil erosion
● the erosion of the coastline
● the erosion of her confidence
flock .n .v
● a flock of small birds
● a flock of children
● These birds fly in huge flocks.
● Thousands of people flocked to the beach this weekend.
● People flocked to hear him speak.
endure .v
● It seemed impossible that anyone could endure such pain.
endure doing something
● He can’t endure being apart from me.
● a love that endures all things and never fails
invade .v
The Romans invaded Britain 2000 years ago.
What right does he have to invade my privacy?
indication .n
[verb] indicate
What right does he have to invade my privacy?
● He shows every indication (= clear signs) of wanting to accept the post.
● There are clear indications that the economy is improving.
penetrate .v
● Sunlight barely penetrated the dirty windows.
● Few U.S. companies have successfully penetrated the Japanese electronics market
● The cold seemed to penetrate his bones.
● The dust had penetrated to all corners of the room.
trek .v .n
= a long and difficult journey, made especially on foot as an adventure Synonym : hike:
● a lonely trek through the forest
● I’m afraid it’s a bit of a trek to the station.
introductory .adj
● an introductory course in data processing/
● introductory chapter/paragraph
practicalities .n
=[plural] the real facts of a situation rather than ideas about how it might be
● the practicalities of everyday life for someone in a wheelchair
● It sounds like a good idea; let’s look at the practicalities and work out the costs
practicality= the quality of being suitable, or likely to be successful Synonym : feasibility
● I have doubts about the practicality of their proposal.
census .n[countable]
the process of officially counting something, especially a country’s population, and recording various facts
verb + census
carry out
conduct
perform
at sb’s disposal
=avaialbe to s.o to use
He had a lot of cash at his disposal
confidential .adj
● a confidential government report
● Doctors are required to keep patients’ records completely confidential.
● The envelope says it is private and confidential.
fold
Fold the paper along the dotted line.
It’ll fit in if you fold it in half.
depict .v
=to describe something or someone in writing or speech, or to show them in a painting, picture etc:
● The god is depicted as a bird with a human head.
● The novel depicts French society in the 1930s.
controversy .n
[noun] controversialist
[adj.] controversial
[adv.] controversially
● a political controversy
● The judges’ decision provoked controversy.
● sparks controversy among top academics
● a highly controversial topic
skeptic .n[countable]
a person who disagrees with particular claims and statements, especially those that are generally thought to be true:
● Sceptics argued that the rise in prices was temporary.
● I’m extremely sceptical about what I read in the press.
highly/deeply sceptical about/of
compelling .adj
1=convincing
● Lucy had no compelling reason to go into town.
● The new studies provide compelling evidence in support of these concepts.
2=very interesting or exciting, so that you have to pay attention:
● a compelling story.
3=compelling need/desire/urge (to do something) a strong need, desire etc to do something, making you feel that you must do it:
● He felt a compelling need to tell someone about his idea
on the brink of
● In October 1962 the world seemed on the brink of nuclear war.
● The company had huge debts and was on the brink of collapse
on the brink of death/disaster
● Scientists are on the brink of making a major new discovery.
concur .v
1= to agree with someone or have the same opinion as them
concur with
● The committee largely concurred with these views.
● Scientists generally concur that climate change is a reality.
● I strongly concur with that idea.
faint .adj
1=difficult to see, hear, smell etc:
● She gave a faint smile.
● a very faint noise
● the faint light of dawn
a faint hope/possibility/chance etc a very small or slight hope etc:
● a faint hope that they might be alive
pioneer [countable]
- someone who is important in the early development of something, and whose work or ideas are later developed by other people
pioneer of
●John Whitney was a pioneer of computer animation.
●He was a pioneer in the field of biotechnology.
rule something/somebody out
=exclude-
● Police have not ruled out the possibility that the man was murdered.
● The proposed solution was ruled out as too expensive.
● This theory cannot be ruled out altogether.
● His age effectively ruled him out as a possible candidate.
● This recent wave of terrorism has ruled out any chance of peace talks.
variant [countable]
variant (of/on something) a thing that is a slightly different form or type of something else
● This game is a variant of baseball.
● a variant of the original experiment
● variant forms of spelling
point out
=mention
● He was always very keen to point out my mistakes.
● Some economists have pointed out that low inflation is not necessarily a good thing.
plausible .adj
!=implausible
=reasonable and likely to be true
● Her story sounded perfectly plausible.
● The only plausible explanation is that he forgot.
● a perfectly plausible theory
● If you’re going to make an excuse, at least make it plausible!
esoteric
=very unusual; understood or liked by only a small number of people, especially those with special knowledge:
● She has a rather esoteric taste in clothes.
● esoteric ideas
oversee .v
to be in charge of a group of workers and check that a piece of work is done satisfactorily Synonym : supervise:
● A team leader was appointed to oversee the project.
● They oversaw the elections.
● He personally oversaw the design of all the rooms.
rudimentary .adj
1=a rudimentary knowledge or understanding of a subject is very simple and basic
● Gradually, I acquired a rudimentary knowledge of music.
2= rudimentary equipment, methods, systems etc are very basic and not advanced:
● subsistence farming in its most rudimentary form
● The classroom equipment is pretty rudimentary.
metropolitan .adj
connected with a large or capital city
● the New York metropolitan area
● metropolitan districts/regions
fortuitous .adj
=accidental=coincidental
happening by chance, especially in a way that has a good result:
● a fortuitous meeting
● His success depended on a fortuitous combination of circumstances.
Topics
to put/bring sth into effect/action
=to cause it to happen in practice
●The company decided to put the new policy into effect starting next month.
●The government will bring the new law into action next year.
●We need to put this plan into effect immediately to meet our deadline.
●The firefighters quickly brought their training into action during the rescue operation
be bound to
to be very likely to do sth.
● This new policy is bound to cause some confusion at first.
● With his experience, he is bound to get the job.
● With the weather forecast, it is bound to rain this afternoon.
be bound by
محدود شدن
● They are bound by the rules of the competition.
● As a citizen, you are bound by the laws of your country.
impose
● Parents sometimes need to impose limits on their children’s screen time.
● The manager had to impose penalties for repeated lateness.
The court will impose a fine for breaking the law.
● They decided to impose restrictions on water usage due to the drought.
● The company plans to impose new regulations starting next month.
● She didn’t want to impose her views on others.
meteorological .adj
[noun] meteorology[UNC] , meteorologist
[adj.] meteorological
[adv.] meteorologically
connected with the earth’s atmosphere and its changes, especially in the way they affect the weather
● meteorological conditions/data
explicit .adj
● explicit knowledge of grammar
● Be explicit when you talk about money with your family.
● He made the rules without being explicit about them
● He gave me very explicit directions on how to get there.
● You need explicit permission[unc] from the manager to access that file.
● get explicit medical clearance from the doctor.
municipal .adj
connected with or belonging to a town, city or district that has its own local government
● municipal elections/councils
● municipal workers
encompass .v
● The study encompasses the social, political, and economic aspects of the situation.
● The houses encompassed about 100 square metres
● The job encompasses a wide range of responsibilities.
● The group encompasses all ages.
aviation .n[unc]
the designing, building and flying of aircraft
● civil/military aviation
● the aviation business/industry
conform .v
=1. to behave in the way that most other people in your group or society behave
=2. to obey a law, rule etc
● There is considerable pressure on teenagers to conform.
● He refused to conform to the local customs.
● The building does not conform with safety regulations.
flout .v
=to deliberately disobey a law, rule etc, without trying to hide what you are doing:
deliberately/openly flout something
● The union had openly flouted the law.
● Many motorcyclists flout the law by not wearing helmets.
defy .v
- to refuse to obey a law or rule, or refuse to do what someone in authority tells you to do ⇒ defiance:
people who openly defy the law
● I wouldn’t have dared to defy my teachers.
● A few workers have defied the majority decision and gone into work despite the strike.
be devoid of something
عاری تهی خالی از
● His face was devoid of any warmth or humour.
● The letter was devoid of warmth and feeling.
● The land is almost devoid of vegetation.
compost .n[unc], .v
کود
stereotype .n[Cou]
a fixed idea or image that many people have of a particular type of person or thing, but which is often not true in reality
● cultural/gender/racial stereotypes
robust .adj
- a robust person is strong and healthy:
- a robust system, organization etc is strong and not likely to have problems:
- a robust object is strong and not likely to break
- robust food or flavours have a good strong taste:
● a robust cheese
● a robust economy
● stated in a robust voice.
● robust evidence
outline .n, .v
● The briefing document outlined her family history and background.
● The cause of the crash is clearly outlined in the report.
● We outlined our proposals to the committee.
● Let me outline what I have in mind.
● For the reasons outlined above, unemployment is likely to remain high.
● Let me briefly outline what we are trying to achieve.
● This is a brief outline of the events.
● The book describes in outline the main findings of the research.
consensus .n
=an opinion that everyone in a group agrees with or accepts Synonym : agreement
consensus on/about
● a lack of consensus about the aims of the project
● There is a consensus among teachers that children should have a broad understanding of the world.
● failed to reach a consensus
● The general consensus was that technology was a good thing.
envious .adj
jealous
● Colleagues were envious of her success.
● envious looks
clamor .v .n
clamour [BR]
=to demand something loudly
The audience cheered, clamoring for more
the growing public clamour for
clamoring for special treatment
rivalry .n
=a situation in which two or more people, teams, or companies are competing for something, especially over a long period of time, and the feeling of competition between them
● There has always been intense rivalry between New Zealand and Australia.
● The two players have developed a friendly rivalry.
● sibling rivalry
stand up for somebody/something
to support or defend a person or idea when they are being attacked:
● It’s time we stood up for our rights.
● Silvia is capable of standing up for herself.
● Always stand up for your friends.
● You must stand up for your rights.
put up with somebody/something
● She put up with his violent temper.
● They had to tolerate many hardships.
● I don’t know how she puts up with him.
● I’m not going to put up with their smoking any longer.
amicably .adv
[noun] amicability , amicableness
[adj.] amicable
[adv.] amicably
in a polite and friendly way
● an amicable relationship
● It was an amicable divorce.
● I hope we can settle this amicably.
disinfectant .n
=a chemical or a cleaning product that destroys bacteria ⇒ antiseptic
● a strong smell of disinfectant
● it is used as a disinfectant.
prematurely .adv
before the normal or expected time
● Her hair became prematurely white.
● The child was born prematurely.
● Tomatoes won’t ripen if they’re harvested prematurely.
mixture .n
● The town is a mixture of the old and the new.
● She felt a strange mixture of excitement and fear.
● a mixture of emotions
● Pour the mixture into four small dishes.=a liquid or other substance made by mixing several substances together, especially in cooking
warehouse .n[cou]
=a large building for storing large quantities of goods
● Police are investigating a fire at a furniture warehouse.
● He’s a warehouse manager for an import company.
catch on
catch- caught- caught
1=to become popular and fashionable:
The idea of glasses being a fashion item has been slow to catch on
I wonder if the game will ever catch on with young people?
Recently ballroom dancing has begun to catch on with many people.
2= to begin to understand or realize something
● I was finally able to catch on and understand the math problem.
● Don’t play any tricks on Joe. When he catches on, he will beat you.
warden .n[cou]
=a person who is responsible for a particular place and whose job is to make sure its rules are obeyed
● the warden of the college
● a forest warden
● volunteer wardens
block off
to completely close something such as a road or an opening:
● Police blocked off the city centre streets.
● The fireplace had been blocked off.
● The main roads of the city have been blocked off.
● block off our road at eaither end.
motorist .n[cou]
someone who drives a car Synonym : driver
● The accident was reported by a passing motorist.
controversy .n
[noun] controversialist
[adj.] controversial
[adv.] controversially
=argument
● a political controversy
● The judges’ decision provoked controversy.
● Controversy arose (=began) over the use of the chemicals on crops.
● a highly controversial topic
patronize .v
to speak to or behave towards someone as if they are stupid or unimportant:
● Stop patronising me - I understand the play as well as you do.
● Just because you’re older than me, it doesn’t give you the right to patronize me.
laundry .n
1=[uncountable] clothes, sheets etc that need to be washed or have just been washed:
She did the laundry (=washed the clothes etc) and hung it out to dry.
2= [countable] a place or business where clothes etc are washed and ironed
rinse .v
=to remove soap, dirt etc from something by washing it quickly with water
rinse something off/out/away etc
● Leave the shampoo for two minutes, then rinse it off with warm water.
● I rinsed the mud out under the tap.
● The cream rinses off easily.
excavation
=the activity of digging in the ground to look for old buildings or objects that have been buried for a long time
● Further archaeological excavations are now being carried out.
● More discoveries were made as the excavation proceeded.
● The excavations took place between 1925 and 1939.
● recent excavations of underground burial chambers
clay .n
خاااااک رس
cylinders made of clay
anoint .v
=to put oil or water on someone’s head or body, usually as part of a religious ceremony:
He was anointed with oil.
cleanse .v
to clean your skin or a wound
● a cleansing cream
● The wound was then cleansed and dressed.
● a lotion to cleanse the face/skin
aqueduct .n[cou]
=a structure like a bridge, that carries water across a river or valley
scraper .n[cou]
a tool used to remove something from a surface by rubbing:
a paint scraper
scrape .v
1=to remove something from a surface using the edge of a knife, a stick etc:
● She scraped the mud off her boots.
2=to rub against a rough surface in a way that causes slight damage or injury, or to make something do this
scrape something against/on something
● I scraped my knee painfully on the concrete.
● I heard the side of the car scrape against the wall.
filth .n[unc]
[uncountable] very offensive language, stories, or pictures about sex:
● I don’t know how you can watch that filth!
- [uncountable] dirt, especially a lot of it:
● a mound of filth and rubbish
people living in filth
● Passing cars covered his shoes with filth.
unsanitary .adj
=dirty and likely to cause disease Synonym : insanitary
unsanitary living conditions
unsanitary toilets
outbreak .n[cou]
the sudden start of something unpleasant, especially violence or a disease
● the outbreak of war
● the outbreak of World War II
● Unsanitary living conditions were major factors in the outbreaks of disease
a letdown
informal/ an event, performance etc that is not as good as you expected it to be
● The end of the book was a real letdown
● After all I’d heard about the film, it turned out to be a bit of a letdown.
amend .v
=to correct or make small changes to something that is written or spoken:
● The law was amended to include women.
● an amended version
daunting .adj
=making somebody feel nervous and less confident about doing something; likely to make somebody feel this way
● Starting a new job can be a daunting prospect.
● a daunting task
● The trip seemed rather daunting for a young girl.
endeavor .n, .v
=try very hard=strive
● We always endeavor to please our customers.
● an outstanding example of human endeavor
● Despite our best endeavours, we couldn’t start the car.
obligation
● Employers have an obligation to treat all employees equally
● Parents are under a legal obligation to educate their children.
● You are under no obligation to buy any more books.
● Greater resources are needed to meet these obligations.
seem .v
It seems to me you don’t have much choice.
It seems like you’re catching a cold, Taylor.
It seemed as if the end of the world had come.
It appears that the man had been murdered.
● You seem happy.
● Do whatever seems best to you.
● This may seem obvious to you.
● It seems clear that there has been a mistake.
● He seems a nice man.
● She seems to be a smart woman
● It seems that they know what they’re doing.
● They seem to know what they’re doing.
summit .cou
the top of a mountain ⇒ peak
the top of a mountain ⇒ peakMany people have now reached the summit of Mount Everest.
oblivious .adj
not knowing about or not noticing something that is happening around you Synonym : unaware
● He seemed oblivious to the fact that he had hurt her.
● You eventually become oblivious to the noise.
● The couple seemed oblivious to what was going on around them.
forge .v
1=to develop something new, especially a strong relationship with other people, groups, or countries Synonym : form
forge a relationship/alliance/link etc (with somebody)
2=to illegally copy something, especially something printed or written, to make people think that it is real
Someone stole my credit card and forged my signature.
a forged passport
● to forge a passport/banknote/document
● He’s getting good at forging his mother’s signature.
