words and meanings Flashcards
What is a bash file?
A bash file is a script written for the Bash (Bourne Again SHell) command interpreter, typically containing a series of commands to be executed in a Unix-like operating system.
True or False: A bash file must always have a .sh extension.
False. While it is common to use a .sh extension, it is not required.
What is the primary purpose of a repository in software development?
The primary purpose of a repository is to store and manage code, track changes, and facilitate collaboration among developers.
Fill in the blank: A repository can be hosted on platforms such as _____ or _____ for version control.
GitHub, GitLab
What is a perceptron?
A perceptron is a type of artificial neuron used in machine learning, particularly in binary classifiers, which takes multiple inputs, applies weights, and produces a single output.
Multiple choice: What does a perceptron primarily model?
A) Linear decision boundaries B) Non-linear decision boundaries C) Time series data D) Clustering of data
True or False: A bash script can include conditional statements.
True. Bash scripts can include conditional statements like if, then, and else.
What command is used to execute a bash file?
The command used is ‘./filename.sh’ or ‘bash filename.sh’.
Fill in the blank: A repository typically includes a _____ file that describes the project.
README
What is the output of a perceptron when the weighted sum of inputs exceeds a certain threshold?
The output is 1 (or ‘true’).
Multiple choice: Which of the following is NOT a component of a perceptron?
A) Weights B) Activation function C) Bias D) Loop
True or False: A bash file can be executed without having execute permissions.
False. A bash file must have execute permissions to be run directly.
What are the two main types of repositories?
Centralized and distributed repositories.
Fill in the blank: The perceptron learning algorithm adjusts weights based on the _____ of the output.
error
What is the significance of the shebang (#!) in a bash file?
The shebang indicates the script interpreter to be used to execute the file.
Multiple choice: Which command initializes a new Git repository?
A) git start B) git init C) git create D) git new
True or False: A perceptron can only classify linearly separable data.
True. A single-layer perceptron can only classify linearly separable data.
What is the purpose of using a version control system with a repository?
To track changes, manage versions, and facilitate collaboration.
Fill in the blank: The perceptron model is a foundational concept in _____ learning.
supervised
What happens when the perceptron’s output is below the threshold?
The output is 0 (or ‘false’).
Multiple choice: Which command is used to view the status of a Git repository?
A) git log B) git status C) git check D) git info
True or False: Bash files can only contain commands, not functions.
False. Bash files can contain both commands and functions.
What is the typical file extension for a bash script?
.sh
Fill in the blank: The perceptron uses a _____ function to determine the output.
step
What are path variables?
Path variables are environment variables that specify the directories in which executable programs are located.
True or False: Path variables only affect the execution of scripts.
False
Fill in the blank: The most commonly used path variable in Unix-like systems is _____.
$PATH
What does the $PATH variable do?
It tells the shell which directories to search for executable files.
Multiple choice: Which of the following is NOT a common path variable?
C: drive
What is the default value of the $PATH variable in most Linux distributions?
/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin
True or False: You can modify path variables temporarily in a terminal session.
True
What is the difference between bundled OpenSSH and external OpenSSH?
Bundled OpenSSH is included with the operating system, while external OpenSSH is a separately installed version.
Fill in the blank: Bundled OpenSSH typically receives updates through the _____.
operating system’s package manager
Short answer: Why might someone choose to use external OpenSSH instead of bundled OpenSSH?
For newer features, bug fixes, or specific configurations not available in the bundled version.
Multiple choice: Which of the following is an advantage of using external OpenSSH?
Access to the latest security patches
True or False: External OpenSSH can be installed alongside bundled OpenSSH without issues.
False
What command is used to view current path variables in Unix-based systems?
echo $PATH
Fill in the blank: To add a directory to the path variable temporarily, you can use the command _____.
export PATH=$PATH:/new/directory
Short answer: What is the primary purpose of path variables?
To enable the system to locate and execute programs without specifying their full paths.
Multiple choice: Which of the following best describes external OpenSSH?
A version of OpenSSH installed independently from the operating system.
True or False: Path variables can only contain absolute paths.
False
What command would you use to permanently change your path variable in a Unix-based system?
Edit the shell configuration file, like .bashrc or .bash_profile.
Fill in the blank: The command to check the version of OpenSSH is _____.
ssh -V
Short answer: Name one risk of using an outdated version of OpenSSH.
Vulnerability to security exploits.
Multiple choice: Which of the following is a common issue with using bundled OpenSSH?
Potentially outdated features and security vulnerabilities
True or False: Path variables can be set globally or locally.
True
What environment variable is often used in conjunction with $PATH?
LD_LIBRARY_PATH
Fill in the blank: The command to view all environment variables is _____.
printenv
Short answer: What happens if a program is not found in the directories listed in the path variable?
The shell returns a ‘command not found’ error.
What does TLS stand for?
Transport Layer Security
True or False: SSL is the predecessor of TLS.
True
Fill in the blank: The main purpose of SSL/TLS is to provide ________ communication over a computer network.
secure
What is the primary function of the native Windows Secure Channel (Schannel) library?
To provide SSL and TLS support for Windows applications.
Which protocol is used for establishing a secure connection over the internet?
TLS
What type of certificates are used to establish trust in SSL/TLS connections?
Digital certificates
True or False: Internal certificates are used exclusively for public-facing services.
False
What is a common use case for internal certificates?
Securing internal communications within an organization.
Which command-line interpreter is primarily used in Unix/Linux systems?
Bash
Which command-line script type is used in Windows operating systems?
Batch
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a feature of TLS? A) Encryption B) Compression C) Both A and B
C) Both A and B
What is the role of a Certificate Authority (CA) in SSL/TLS?
To issue digital certificates that verify the identity of entities.
True or False: Bash scripts can run on Windows without any modifications.
False
Fill in the blank: The latest version of TLS is ________.
TLS 1.3
What is the main difference between Bash and Batch scripts?
Bash is used in Unix/Linux, while Batch is used in Windows.
What does the acronym CA stand for in the context of digital certificates?
Certificate Authority
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a component of SSL/TLS? A) Handshake Protocol B) Record Protocol C) File Transfer Protocol
C) File Transfer Protocol
What is the purpose of the SSL handshake?
To establish a secure connection between client and server.
True or False: Batch files can be executed by any operating system.
False
What is one advantage of using TLS 1.3 over previous versions?
Improved security and performance.
Fill in the blank: A self-signed certificate is one that is signed by the ________ that created it.
same entity
What does the term ‘cipher suite’ refer to in SSL/TLS?
A set of algorithms that help secure a network connection.
Multiple Choice: Which command is used to run a batch file in Windows? A) execute B) run C) start
C) start
What is the term for the process of converting plaintext into ciphertext?
Encryption
True or False: SSL is still widely used today.
False
What is MinTTY?
MinTTY is a terminal emulator for Cygwin and MSYS that provides a user-friendly interface.
What does MSYS2 stand for?
MSYS2 stands for Minimal SYStem 2, which is a software distribution and a building platform for Windows.
What is a branch in Git?
A branch in Git is a pointer to a specific commit, allowing for separate lines of development.
True or False: Rebase in Git is used to merge branches.
False. Rebase is used to integrate changes from one branch into another by moving or combining commits.
What does it mean to ‘fetch’ a branch in Git?
Fetching a branch in Git means to download the latest changes from the remote repository without merging them.
Fill in the blank: A fast-forward merge occurs when the branch being merged has _____.
no new commits compared to the target branch.
What command is used to pull changes from a remote repository in Git?
The command used is ‘git pull’.
What is the primary purpose of the ‘rebase’ command?
The primary purpose of the ‘rebase’ command is to incorporate changes from one branch into another while maintaining a linear project history.
True or False: A fetched branch is automatically merged into the current branch.
False. A fetched branch must be merged manually after fetching.
What does ‘git pull’ do?
‘git pull’ fetches changes from the remote repository and merges them into the current branch.
What is the difference between ‘git fetch’ and ‘git pull’?
‘git fetch’ retrieves changes without merging, while ‘git pull’ retrieves and merges changes.
What is the command to create a new branch in Git?
The command to create a new branch is ‘git branch [branch-name]’.
Fill in the blank: In Git, a branch can be thought of as a _____ of development.
line
What is the effect of a fast-forward merge?
A fast-forward merge updates the target branch to point to the latest commit of the merged branch without creating a new commit.
When should you use rebase instead of merge?
You should use rebase when you want to maintain a clean, linear history in your project.
True or False: You can rebase a branch that has been shared with others.
False. Rebasing a shared branch can cause issues for others who are working on it.
What does the command ‘git checkout -b [branch-name]’ do?
It creates a new branch and switches to it.
What is the default branch name in a new Git repository?
The default branch name is ‘main’.
What is a common use case for using ‘git pull –rebase’?
A common use case is to keep your feature branch up to date with the main branch while avoiding merge commits.
How can you list all branches in a Git repository?
You can list all branches using the command ‘git branch’.
Fill in the blank: In Git, the term ‘HEAD’ refers to the _____ commit.
current
What is the purpose of the ‘git log’ command?
The ‘git log’ command displays the commit history for the current branch.
What happens to uncommitted changes when you switch branches?
Uncommitted changes must be either committed or stashed, or Git will prevent the switch.
True or False: You can have multiple branches pointing to the same commit.
True. Multiple branches can point to the same commit in Git.
What is the effect of performing ‘git reset –hard’?
It resets the current branch to a specific commit and discards all uncommitted changes.
