words Flashcards
remit
- to send money etc, to a person or a place
2. to cansel or free someone from a debt, duty or punishment etc.
divest
to get rid of sth
mandate(noun)
- the authority to do something, given to a government or other organaization by the people who vote for it an election
- an official order given to someone to perform a particular task
- the power given to a country to govern country or region, especially in the past
contravene
to do something that is not allowed by a law or rule
quantify
to describe or express something as an amount or a number
liable
legally responsible for paying the cost of something
unilateral
done by one member of a group or an organization without the agreement of the other members
bilateral
- involving two groups of people or two countries
2. involving both of two parts or sides of body or brain
aggregate
a total number or amount made up of smaller amounts that are collected together total,sum
compute
to calculate something
consolidation
- the combination of separate companies, functional areas, or product lines, into a single one. Differ from a merger in that a new entity is created in the consolidation.
- The process of maturation in some markets whereby smaller companies are acquired or run out of business, leaving only a few dominant players; here also called shaleout
mature
fully grown and development
fractional
very small
assurance
a statement that something will certainly be true, or will certainly happen, particularly when there has been doubt about it
adhere
to behave according to a particular law, rules etc
accredit
- officially recognized as something; with official permission to be something
- officially approved as being of a certain quality or standard
suffrage
the right to vote in political elections
exempt
(adj. )if somebody/something is exempt from something, they are not affected by it, do not have to do it, pay it, etc
(verb. )to give or get somebody’s official permission not to do something or not to pay something they would normally have to do or pay
feudal
connected with or similar to feudalism
in perpetuity
for all time in the future
proletariat
the class of ordinary people who ear money by working, especially those who do not own any property
consumerism
the buying and using of goods and services; the belief that it is good for a society or an individual person to buy and use a large quantity of goods and services
underclass
a social class that is very poor and has no status
amass
to collect something, especially in large quantities
reliant on
needing somebody/something in order to survive, be successful, etc.
periodic
happening fairly often and regularly
recession
- a difficult time for the economy of a country, when there is less trade and industrial activity than usual and more people are employed
- the movement backwards of something from a previous position
recipient
a person who receives something
rudimentary
- dealing with only the most basic matters or ideas
2. not highly or fully developed
explicit
- clear and easy to understand
- saying something clearly, exactly, and openly
- said, done, or shown in an open or direct way, so that you have no doubt about what is happening
incline
- tend to think or behave in a particular way; to make someone do this
- to bend your head forward, especially as a sign of agreement,welcome, etc.
- to lean or slope in a particular direction; to make something lean or slope
vis-a-vis
- in relation to
2. in comparison with
vice versa
used to say that the opposite what you have just said is also true
show cause notice(order)
Court order that requires a party to appear before the court and explain why a certain course of action should not be taken against it.If the party cannot convince the court or fails to appear, that course of action is taken.
discrepancy
a difference between two or more things that shoud be the same
expire
to be no linger valid because the period of time for which it could be used has ended
forfeit
to loss something or have something taken away from you because you have done something wrong
offence
an illegal act
take-up
the rate at which people accept something that is offered or made available to them
rural
connected with or like the countryside
marginal
small and not important
conceivable
that you can imagine or believe
attribute
to say or belive that something is the result of a particular thing
mere
used when you want to emphasize how small, unimportant,etc.
autonomous
able to govern itself or control its own affairs
feudalism
the social system that existed durning the Middle Ages in Europe in which people were given land and protection by a nobleman, and had to work and fight for him in return
bourgeoisie
- the middle classes in society
2. the capitalist class
fervent
having or showing very strong and sincere feeling about something
flaw
- a mistake in something that means that it is not correct or does not work correctly
- a crack or fault in something that you makes it less attractive or valuable
- a weakness in somebody’s character
resemblance
the fact of being or looking similar to somebody/something
oppress
- to treat somebody in a cruel and unfair way, especially not giving them the same freedom, rights, etc. as other people
- to make somebody only able to think about sad or worrying things
collapse
- to fall down or fall in suddenly, often after breaking apart
- to fall down, especially because you are very il
- to sit or lie down and relax, especially after working hard
envisage
to imagine what will happen in the future
hegemony
control by one country, organization, etc. over other countries, etc. within a particular group
spectre
- something unpleasant that people are afraid might happen in the future
- a ghost
validity
- the state of being legally or officially acceptable
2. the state of being logical and true
sheer
- used to emphasize the size, degree or amount of something
2. complete and not mixes with anything else
poverty
- the state of being poor
2. a lack of something
sporadic
happening only occasionally or at intervals that are not regular
necessitate
to make it necessary for you to do something
paradigm
- a typical example or pattern of something
2. a set of all the different forms of a word
opportunist
making use of an opportunity, especially to get an advantage for yourself; not done in a planned way
cognitive
connected with mental processes of understanding
envisage
to imagine what will happen in the future
crucial
extremely important, because it will affect other things
evolve
to develop gradually, especially from a simple to a more complicated form; to develop something in this way
retain
- to keep something; to continue to have something
- to continue to hold or contain something
- if a member of the public retains somebody such as a lawyer, he or she pays money regularly or in advance so the lawyer, etc. will do work for him or her
decommission
to officially stop using weapons, a nuclear power station, etc
industry attendee
business person who attends a meeting, conference etc.
continent
one of the large land masses of the earth such as Europe, Asia or Africa
impede
to delay or stop the progress of something
catch somebody out
- to surprise somebody and put them in a difficult position
2. to show that somebody does not know much or is doing something wrong
constructive
having a useful and helpful effect rather than being negative or with no purpose
destructive
causing destruction or damage
fraught
- filled with something unpleasant
2. causing or feeling worry and anxiety
anxiety
- the state of feeling nervous or worried that something bad is going to happen
- a worry or fear about something
- a strong feeling of wanting to do something or of wanting something to happen
obstacle
- a situation, an event, etc. that makes it difficult for you to do or achieve something
- an object that is in your way and that makes it difficult for you to move forward
yield
- to produce or provide something, for example a profit, result or crop
- to stop resisting something/somebody; to agree to do something that you do not want to do
- to allow somebody to win, have or take control of something that has been yours until now
assess
- to make a judgement about the nature or quality of somebody/something
- to calculate the amount or value of something
compensate
- to provide something good to balance or reduce the bad effects of damage, loss, etc
- to pay somebody money because they have suffered some damage, loss, injury, etc
contribute
- to give something, especially money or goods, to help somebody/something
- to be one of the causes of something
- to increase, improve or add to something
- to write things for a newspaper, magazine, or a radio or television programme; to speak during a meeting or conversation, especially to give your opinion
anticipate
1.to expect something
2.to see what might happen in the future and take action to prepare for it
3.to think with pleasure and excitement about something that is going to happen
4.
penetrate
- to go into or through something
- to succeed in entering or joining an organization, a group, etc. especially when this is difficult to do
- to see or show a way into or through something
- to understand or discover something that is different to understand or is hidden
- to be understood or realized by somebody
intensify
to increase in degree or strength; to make something increase in degree or strength
intense
- very great; very strong
- serious and often involving a lot of action in a short period of time
- having or showing very strong feelings, opinions or thoughts about somebody/something
absolve
to state formally that somebody is not guilty or responsible for something
genuine
- real;exactly what it appear to be; not artificial
2. sincere and honest; that can be trusted
expedite
to make process happen more quickly
optimum
the best possible;producing the best possible result
impetus
something that encourages a process or activity to develop more quickly
quorum
the smallest number of people who must be at a meeting before it can begin or decisions can be made
duplicate
- to make an exact copy of something
2. to do something again, especially when it is unnecessary
in lieu of
instead of
from time to time
occasionally but not regularly
penultimate
immediately before the last one
merchant
- a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities, especially one who imports and exports goods
- a person who like a particular activity
constraint
a thing that limits or restricts sth, or your freedom to do sth
per se
used meaning ‘by itself’ to show that you are referring to something on its own, rather than in connection with other things
withdraw
- to move back or away from a place or situation; to make somebody/something do this
- to stop giving or offering something to somebody
- to stop taking part in an activity or being a member of an organization; to stop somebody/something from doing these things
- to take money out of a bank account
- o say that you no longer believe that something you previously said is true
- to become quieter and spend less time with other people
parliament
the group of people who are elected to make and change the laws of a country
warn
- to tell somebody about something, especially something dangerous or unpleasant that is likely to happen, so that they can avoid it
- to strongly advise somebody to do or not to do something in order to avoid danger or punishment
- to give somebody an official warning after they have broken a rule
get rid of
to make yourself free of somebody/something that is annoying you or that you do not want; to throw something away
eliminate
- to remove or get rid of something/somebody
- to defeat a person or a team so that they no longer take part in a competition, etc.
- to kill somebody, especially an enemy or opponent
irritate
- to annoy somebody, especially by something you continuously do or by something that continuously happens
- to make your skin or a part of your body sore or painful
sore
- if a part of your body is sore, it is painful, and often red, especially because of infection or because a muscle has been used too much
- upset and angry, especially because you have been treated unfairly
litigation
the process of making or defending a claim in court
surcharge
an extra amount of money that you must pay in addition to the usual price
fragment
to break or make something break into small pieces or parts
consequence
a result of something that has happened
optimise
to make something as good as it can be; to use something in the best possible way
obscure
- not well known
2. difficult to understand
trimester
a period of three months during the time when a woman is oregnant
accompany
- to travel or go somewhere with somebody
- to happen or appear with something else
- to play a musical instrument, especially a piano, while somebody else sings or play the main tune
swell
- to becom e bigger or rounder
- to curve out or make something curve out
- to increase or make something increase in number or size
- to be filled with a strong emotion
lumber
- to move in a slow, heavy and awkward way
2. to give somebody a responsibility, etc. that they do not want and that they cannot get rid of
absurd
completely ridiculous; not logical and sensible
ridiculous
very silly or unreasonable
silly
- showing a lack of thought, understanding or judgement
2. stupid or embarrassing, especially in a way that is more typical of a child than an adult
sensible
- able to make good judgement based on reason and experience rather than emotion; practical
- useful rather than fashionable
- aware of something
nausea
the feeling that you have when you want to vomit, for example because you are ill/sick or are disgusted by something
vomit
to bring food from the stomach back out through the mouth
disgust
a strong feeling of dislike or disapproval for somebody/something that you feel is unacceptable, or for something that looks, smells, etc. unpleasant
recount
to tell somebody about something, especially something that you have experienced
march
- to walk with stiff regular step like a soldier
- to walk somewhere quickly in a determined way
- to force somebody to walk somewhere with you
- to walk through the streets in a large group in order to protect about something
stiff
- firm and difficult to bend or move
- when a person is stiff, their muscles hurt when they move them
- thick and almost solid; difficult to stir
suffer
- to be badly affected by a disease, pain, sadness, a lack of something, etc.
- to experience something unpleasant, such as injury, defeat or loss
- to become worse
seniorty
- the fact of being older or of a higher rank than other
2. the rank that you have in a company because of the length of time you have worked there
flatter
- to say nice thing about somebody, often in a way that is not sincere, because you want them to do something for you or you want to please them
- to choose to believe something good about yourself and your abilities, especially when other people do not share this opinion
compliment
- a remark that expresses praise or admiration of somebody
2. polite words or good wises, especially when used to express praise and admiration
praise
- words that show approval of or admiration for somebody/something
- the expression of worship to God
admiratin
a feeling of respect and liking for somebody/something
worship
- the practice of showing respect for God or a god, by saying prayers, singing with others, etc; a ceremony for this
- a strong feeling of love and respect for somebody/something
alleviate
to make something less severe
routine
- the normal order and way in which you regularly do things
2. a situation in which life is boring because things are always done in the same way
presume
- to suppose that something is true, although you do not have actual proof
- to accept that something is true until it is shown not to be true, especially in court
- to accept something as true or existing and to act on that basis
- to behave in a way that shows a lack of respect by doing something that you havae no right to do
reservation price
Lowest fixed price at which an item is offered at an auction sale and (1) at which it will be sold if no higher price is bid, or (2) below which the seller is not obligated to accept the winning bid.
supply curve
For a given good, the supply curve is a relation between each possible price of the good and the quantity that would be supplied for market sale at that price.
pin down
define or idenfy something precisely
abstract
(adj.)
1.based on general ideas and not on any particular real person,things, or situation
2.existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical reality
3.not representing people or things in a realistic way, but expressing the artist’s ideas about them
(verb)
1.to remove something from somewhere
2.to make a written summary of a book, etc.
fleeting
lasting only a short time
partake
- to eat or drink something especially something that is offered you
- to take part in an activity
ephemeral
lasting or used for only a short period of time
decay
(noun)
1.the process or result of being destroyed by natural causes or by not being cared for
2.the gradual destruction of a society, an institution, a system, etc.
(verb)
1.to be destroyed gradually by natural process; to destroy something in this way
2.to become less powerful and lose influence over people, society, etc.
hence
for this reason
envision
to imagine what a situation will be like in the future, especially a situation you intend to work towards
squint
- to look at something with your eyes partly shut in order to keep out bright light to see better
- to look in a different direction from the other eye
- to have eyes that look in different directions
blunt
- without sharp edge or point
2. very direct;saying exactly what you think without trying to be polite
badge
- to move slightly; to make something/somebody move slightly
- to change your opinion about something; to make somebody change their opinion
barely
- in a way that is just possible but only with difficulty
2. in a way that almost does not happen or exist
compensation
- something, especially money, that somebody gives you because they have hurt you, or damaged something that you own; the act of giving this to somebody
- things that ma a bad situation better
proverbial
- used to show that you are referring to a particular proverb or well-known phrase
- well known and talked about by a lot of people
ascribe sth to do
to consider or state that a book, etc. was written by a particular person
valid
- that is legally or officially acceptable
2. based on what is logical or true
revoke
to officially cancel something so that it is no longer valid
successive
following immediately one after the other
stable
firmly fixed; not likely to move, change or fail
partinent
appropriate to a particular situation
instrumental
important in making something happen
call origination
発信
call termination
着信
scrutiny
careful and through examination
veto
the right to refuse to allow something to be done, especially the right to stop a law from being passed or a decision from being taken
authenticate
to prove that something is genuine, real or true
allocation
an amount of money, space, etc. that is given to somebody for a particular purpose
preclude
to prevent something from happening or somebody from doing something; to make something impossibles 【preclude somebody from doing】
contentious
likely to cause disagreement between people
interchangeable
that can be exchanged, especially without affecting the way in which something works
infrationary
causing or connected with a general rise in the prices of services and goods
axiomatic
true in such an obvious way that you do not need to prove it
compel sb to do
to force somebody to do something; to make something necessary
store(verb)
- to put something somewhere and keep it there to use later
2. to keep information or facts in a computer or in your brain
enact
- to pass a law
- to perform a play or act a part in a play
- take place
precedent
- an official action or decision that has happened in the past and that is seen as an example or a rule to be followed in a similar situation later
- a similar action or event that happened earlier
- the way that things have always been done
electronic bulletin board
電子掲示板
statutory
fixed by law
pursue
- to do something or try to archive something over a period of time
- to continue to discuss, find out about or be involved in something
- to follow or chase somebody/something, especially in order to catch them
exemplify
- to be a typical example of something
2. to give an example in order to make something clear
equation
- a statement showing that two amounts or values are equal(=)
- the act of making something equal or considering something as equal
- a problem or situation in which several things must be considered and dealt with
messy
- dirty and/or untidy
- making somebody/something dirty and/or untidy
- ynpleasant, confused or difficult to deal with
perceptible
- great enough for you to notice it
2. that you can notice or feel with your senses
accessible
- that can be reached, entered, used, seen, etc.
- easy to understand
- easy to talk to and get to know
intelligible
that can be easily understood
patronage
- the support, especially financial, that is given to a person or n organization by a patron
- the system by which an important person gives help or a job to somebody in return for their support
premise
a statement or an idea that forms the basis for a reasonable line of arguement
contingent
(adj. )depending on something that may or may not happen
(noun) a group of people at a meeting or an event who have something in common, especially the place they come from, that is not shared by other people at the event
contingent worker/work/job
a person, or work done by a person, who does not have a permanent contract with a company
overrule
to change a decision or reject an idea from a position of greater power
verdict
- a decision that is made by a jury in court, stating if somebody is considered guilty of a crime or not
- a decision that you make or an opinion that you give about something, after you have tested it or considered it carefully
appreciable
large enough to be noticed or thought important
detriment
the act of causing harm or damage; something that causes harm or damage
peculiar to
belonging or relating to one particular place, situation, person, etc, and not to others
oligopoly
the market condition that exists when there are few sellers, as a result of which they can greatly influence price and other market factors
immunity from
the state of being protected from something
controversy
public discussion and argument about something that many people strongly disagree about, disapprove of or are shocked by
condemn
- to say what somebody’s punishment will be
2. to express very strong disapproval of somebody/something, usually for moral reason
exhaustive
including everything possible; very thorough or complete
⇔non-exhaustive
subdivide (A) into B
to divide something into smaller parts
deleterious
harmful and damaging
exploitation
- a situation in which somebody treats somebody else in an unfair way, especially in order to make money from their work
- the fact of using a situation in order to get an advantage for yourself
inception
the start of an institution, an organization, etc.
render
to express or perform something
untenable
that cannot be defended against attack or criticism
odd
strange or unusual
confine
to keep somebody/something inside the limits of a particular activity, subject, area, etc
reproach
blame or criticism for something you have done
euthanasia
the practice (illegal in most countries) of killing without pain a person who is suffering from a disease that cannot be cured
braille
a system of printing for blind people in which the letters of the alphabet and the numbers are printed as raised dots that can be read by touching them
belittle
to make somebody or the things that somebody seem unimportant
provide life saving measure(life-support system)
延命装置をつける
burden
- a duty, responsibility, etc. that causes worry, difficulty or hard work
- a heavy load that is difficult to carry
psychological
- connected with a person’s mind and the way in which it works
- connected with the study of psychology
second(verb)
to send an employee to another department, office, etc. in order to do a different job for a short period of time
architect
- a person whose job is designing buildings, etc.
2. a person who is responsible for planning or creating an idea, an event or a situation
aviation
the designing, building and flying of aircraft
adjacent
next to or near something
distribute
- to give things to a large number of people; to share something between a number of people
- to send goods to shops/stores and businesses so that they can be sold
- to spread something, or different parts of something, over an area
prescriptive
- telling people what they should do
- telling people how a language should be used, rather than describing how it is used
- made legal or acceptable because they have existed for a long time
tailor
(verb) to make or adapt something for a particular purpose, a particular person, etc
(noun) a person whose job is to make men’s clothes, especially somebody who makes suits, etc. for individual customers
ubiquitous
seeming to be everywhere or in several places at the same time; very common
impair
to damage something or make something worse
deprive
to prevent somebody from having or doing something, especially something important
lodge something against
to make a formal statement about something to public organization or authority
annul
to state officially that something is no longer legally valid
plea
a statement made by somebody who is accused of a crime
dismiss
to say that a trial or legal case should not continue, usually because there is not enough evidence
contend
- to say something is true, especially in an argument
2. to compete against somebody in order to gain something
admissible
that can be allowed or accepted, especially in court
endorse
to say publicly that you support a person, statement or course of action
preliminary
happening before a more important action or event
appellant
a person who appeals against a decision made in court
bear in mind
to remember somebody/something; to remember or consider that
be at issue
to be the most important part of the subject that is being discussed
rule out
- to state that something is not possible or that somebody/something is not suitable
- to prevent somebody from doing something; to prevent something from happening
negligent
failing to give somebody/something enough care or attention, especially when this has serious results
delegate
- to give part of your work, power or authority to somebody in a lower position than you
- to choose somebody to do something
orbit
- a curved path followed by a planet or an object as it moves around another planet, star, moon, etc
- an area that a particular person, organization, etc. deals with or is able to influence
deviate
to be different from something; to do something in a different way from what is usual or expected
astute
very clear and quick at seeing what to do in a particular situation, especially how to get an advantage
plausible
- reasonable and likely to be true
2. good at sounding honest and sincere, especially when trying to trick people
seminal
very important and having a strong influence on later developments
viable
- that can be done; that will be successful
2. capable of developing and surviving independently
align
- to arrange something in the correct position, or to be in the correct position, in relation to something else, especially in a straight line
- to change something slightly so that it is in the correct relationship to something else
fungible
interchangeable
align
- to arrange something in the correct position, or to be in the correct position, in relation to something else, especially in a straight line
- to change something slightly so that it is in the correct relationship to something else
tacit
that is suggested indirectly or understood, rather than said in words
collusion
a deceit ful agreement or compact between two or more persons, for the one party to bring an action against the other for some evil purpose, as to defraud a third party of his right Cowell
deceit
dishonest behaviour that is intended to make somebody believe something that is not true; an example of this behaviour
elaborate
(adj.)very complicated and detailed; carefully prepared and organized
(verb)
1.to explain or describe something in a more detailed way
2.to develop a plan, an idea, etc. and make it complicated or detailed
precaution
something that is done in advance in order to prevent problems or to avoid danger
conspiracy
a secret plan by a group of people to do something harmful or illegal
unanimous
全会一致の
base point pricing
When prices are made without transportation cost.
circumstantial evidence
Evidence directed to the attending circumstances ; evidence which inferentially proves the principal fact by establishing a condition of surrounding and limiting circumstances, whose existence is a premise from which the existence of the principal fact may be concluded by necessary laws of reasoning.
irrational
not based on, or not using, clear logical thought
plead
- to ask somebody for something in a very strong and serious way
- to state in court that you are guilty or not guilty of a crime
- to present a case to a court
- to give something as an explanation or excuse for something
- to argue in support of somebody/something
allegation
a public statement that is made without giving proof, accusing somebody of doing something that is wrong or illegal
hostile
- very unfriendly or aggressive and ready to argue or fight
- strongly rejecting something
- making it difficult for something to happen or to be achieved
- belonging to a military enemy
hostile takeover
A takeover which goes against the wishes of the target company’s management and board of directors, opposite of friendly takeover
cognitive
connected with mental process of understanding
negate
- to stop something from having any effect
2. to state that something does not exist
purist
a person who thinks things should be done in the traditional way and who has strong opinions on what is correct in language, art, etc
realm
- an area of activity, interest, or knowledge
2. a country ruled by a king or queen
pass away
- to die
2. to stop existence
decay
- the process or result of being destroyed by natural causes or by not being cared for (= of decaying)
- the gradual destruction of a society, an institution, a system, etc
digitize
to change data into a digital form that can be easily read and processed by a computer
end up
to find yourself in a place or situation that you did not intend or expect to be in
issue license to somebody for
～を行う許可を特定の者に与える
more or less
- almost
2. apploximately
assume
- to think or accept that something is true but without having proof of it
- to take or begin to have power or responsibility
- to begin to have a particular quality or appearance
- to pretend to have a particular feeling or quality
reiterate
to repeat something that you have already said, especially to emphasize it
leapfrog
to get to a higher position or rank by going past somebody else or by missing out some stages
apparatus
- the tools or other pieces of equipment that are needed for a particular activity or task
- the structure of a system or an organization, particularly that of a political party or a government
- a system of organs in the body
offer A a glimpse of B
to give a look at B for a very short time to A
unshakable
that cannot be changed or destroyed:firm
inhabit
to live in a particular place
perishable
likely to decay or go bad quickly
apprehend
- to catch somebody and arrest them
2. to understand or recognize something
arrest
- to take somebody to a police station and keep there because the police believe they mat be guilty of a crime
- to stop a process pr a development
- to make somebody notice something and pay attention to it
testament
thing that shows that something else exists or is true（聖書）
reconcile
1.to find an acceptable way of dealing with two or more ideas, needs,etc. that seem to be opposed to each other
2/to make people become friends again after an argument or a disagreement
3.to make yourself accept an unpleasant situation because it is not possible to change it
preoccupied
thinking and/or worrying continuously about something so that you do not pay attention to other things
divine
- coming from or connected with God or a god
2. wonderful;beautiful
reincarnate
to be born again in another body after you have died; to make somebody be born again in this way
irreligious
without any religious belief; showing no respect for religion
wield
- to have and use power,authority,etc.
2. to hold something, ready to use it as a weapon or tool
convict
to decide and state officially in court that somebody is guilty of a crime
perpetuate
to make something such as a bad situation, a belief, etc. continue for a long time
offence
- an illegal act
2. the act of upsetting or insulting somebody
proxy
- the authority that you give to somebody to do something for you, when you cannot do it yourself
- a person who has been given the authority to represent somebody else
- something that you use to represent something else that you are trying to measure or calculate
surrogate
used to describe a person or thing that takes the place of, or is used instead of, somebody/something else
elasticity
the quality that something has of being able to stretch and return to its original size and shape
fallacy
- a false idea that many people believe is true
2. a false way of thinking about something
abstruct
- based on general ideas and not on any particular real person, thing or situation
- existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical reality
- not representing people or things in a realistic way, but expressing the artist’s ideas about them
concrete
- based on facts, not on ideas or guesses
2. made of concrete
perspective
- a particular attitude towards something; a way of thinking about something
- the ability to think about problems and decisions in a reasonable way without exaggerating their importance
- the art of creating an effect of depth and distance in a picture by representing people and things that are far away as being smaller than those that are nearer the front
ambiguous
- that can be understood in more than one way; having different meanings
- not clearly stated or defined
skeptical
having doubts that a claim or statement is true or that something will happen
dubious
- not certain and slightly suspicious about something; not knowing whether something is good or bad
- probably not honest
- that you cannot be sure about; that is probably not good
suppress
- to put an end, often by force, to a group or an activity that is believed to threaten authority
- to prevent something from being published or made known
- to prevent yourself from having or expressing a feeling or an emotion
- to prevent something from growing, developing or continuing
strangle
- to kill somebody by squeezing or pressing on their throat and neck
- to prevent something from growing or developing
motive
a reason for doing something
absorbed
very interested in something/somebody so that you are not paying attention to anything else
distort
- to change the shape, appearance or sound of something so that it is strange or not clear
- to twist or change facts, ideas, etc. so that they are no longer correct or true
prone
- likely to suffer from something or to do something bad
- -prone(in adjective):likely to suffer or do the thing mentioned
- lying flat with the front of your body touching the ground
ruminate
to think deeply about something
mindful
remembering somebody/something and considering them or it when you do something
meditation
the practice of thinking deeply in silence, especially for religious reasons or in order to make your mind calm
compassion
a strong feeling of sympathy for people who are suffering and a desire to help them
parcel
- something that is wrapped in paper or put into a thick envelope so that it can be sent by mail, carried easily, or given as a present
- a piece of land
- a small amount of food that is wrapped in something, usually pastry, before it is cooked
decode
1.to find the meaning of something, especially something that has been written in code
2.to receive an electronic signal and change it into pictures that can be shown on a television screen
decoding equipmen
amplitude
the greatest distance that a wave, especially a sound or radio wave, vibrates
terminology
- the set of technical words or expressions used in a particular subject
- words used with particular meanings
modulate
- to change the quality of your voice in order to create a particular effect by making it louder, softer, lower, etc.
- to change from one musical key (= set of notes) to another
- to affect something so that it becomes more regular, slower, etc
- to change the rate at which a sound wave or radio signal vibrates (= the frequency ) so that it is clearer
front-end
directly used by a user, and allowing the user to use other devices or programs
prospective
- expected to to sth or to become sth
2. expected to happen soon
dementia
a serious mental disorder caused by brain disease or injury, that affects the ability to think, remember and behave normally
distract
to take somebody’s attention away from what they are trying to do
evade
- to escape from somebody/something or avoid meeting somebody
- to find a way of not doing something, especially something that legally or morally you should do
- to avoid dealing with or talking about something
- to not come or happen to somebody
steer
- to control the direction in which a boat, car, etc. moves
- to move in a particular direction
- to take control of a situation and influence the way in which it develops
embark on
to start to do something new or difficult
overturn
- if something overturns, or if somebody overturns it, it turns upside down or on its side
- to officially decide that a legal decision, etc. is not correct, and to make it no longer valid
upside-down
in or into a position in which the top of something is where the bottom is normally found and the bottom is where the top is normally found
nullify
- to make something such as an agreement or order lose its legal force
- to make something lose its effect or power
deception
- the act of deliberately making somebody believe something that is not true
- a trick intended to make somebody believe something that is not true
encompass
- to include a large number or range of things
2. to surround or cover something completely
medium(noun)
- a way of communicating information, etc. to people
- something that is used for a particular purpose
- the material or the form that an artist, a writer or a musician uses
- a substance that something exists or grows in or that it travels through
- plural mediums a person who claims to be able to communicate with the spirits of dead people
disseminate
to spread information, knowledge, etc. so that it reaches many people
conspicuous
easy to see or notice; likely to attract attention
prominence
the state of being important,well known or noticeable
blur
(noun)
1.a shape that you cannot see clearly, often because it is moving too fast
2.something that you cannot remember clearly
(verb)
1.if the shape or outline of something blurs, or if something blurs it, it becomes less clear and sharp
2.if something blurs your eyes or vision, or your eyes or vision blur, you cannot see things clearly
3. to become or make something become difficult to distinguish clearly
reciprocal
involving two people or groups who agree to help each other or behave in the same way to each other
resist
- to refuse to accept something and try to stop it from happening
- to fight back when attacked; to use force to stop something from happening
- to stop yourself from having something you like or doing something you very much want to do
- to not be harmed or damaged by something
in the first place
as the first consideration or point
feasible
that is possible and likely to achieved
push back
to make the time or date of a meeting, etc. later than originally planned
heat resistant
not easily damaged by heat
run into
to meet somebody by chance
look over
.to examine something to see how good, big, etc. it is
write up a contract A
.Aとの契約書をドラフトする
hook up
a connection between two pieces of equipment, especially electronic equipment used in broadcasting, or computers
convention
- the way in which something is done that most people in a society expect and consider to be polite or the right way to do
- a large meeting of the members of profession,a political party, etc.
- an official agreement between countries or leaders
- a traditional method or style in literature, art or the theatre
fit into
- to find time to see somebody or to do something
2. to find or have enough space for somebody/something in a place
in tandem
a thing that works or happens in tandem with something else works together with it or happens at the same time as it
ancillary
- providing necessary support to the main work or activities of an organization
- in addition to something else but not as important
excerbate
to make something worse, especially a disease or problem
vigorous
- very active, determined or full of energy
2. strong and healthy
incite
to encourage somebody to do something violent, illegal or unpleasant, especially by making them angry or excited
susceptible
- very likely to be influenced, harmed or affected by somebody/something
- easily influenced by feelings and emotions
- allowing something; capable of something
destabilize
to make a system, country, government, etc. become less firmly established or successful
conditional
- depending on something
2. expressing something that must happen or be true if another thing is to happen or be true
intake
- the amount of food, drink, etc. that you take into your body
- the number of people who are allowed to enter a school, college, profession, etc. during a particular period
- a place where liquid, air, etc. enters a machine
- an act of taking something in, especially breath
sure-footed
- not likely to fall when walking or climbing on rough ground
- confident and unlikely to make mistakes, especially in difficult situations
outcome
the result or effect of an action or event
prospectus
- a book or printed document that gives information about a school, college, etc. in order to advertise it
- a document that gives information about a company’s shares before they are offered for sale（目論見書）
emulate
- to try to do something as well as somebody else because you admire them
- to work in the same way as another computer, etc. and perform the same tasks
petition
- to make a formal request to somebody in authority, especially by sending them a petition
- to formally ask for something in court
forbear from doing
to stop yourself from saying or doing something that you could or would like to say or do
miscllaneous
consisting of many different kinds of things that are not connected and do not easily form a group
amount to something
- to add up to something; to make something as a total
2. to be equal to or the same as something
offset
to use one cost, payment or situation in order to cancel or reduce the effect of another
symptom
- a change in your body or mind that shows that you are not healthy
- a sign that something exists, especially something bad
at/from the outset
at/from the beginning of something
interpret
- to explain the meaning of something
- to decide that something has a particular meaning and to understand it in this way
- to translate one language into another as you hear it
- to perform a piece of music, a role in a play, etc. in a way that shows your feelings about its meaning
rebut
to say or prove that a statement or criticism is false
page through something
to quickly turn the pages of a book, magazine, etc. and look at them without reading them carefully or in detail
discrepancy
a difference between two or more things that should be the same
exacerbate
to make something worse, especially a disease or problem
shrink
- to become smaller, especially when washed in water that is too; to make clothes,cloth, etc. smaller in this way
- to become or to make something smaller in size or amount
fascinate
to attract or interest somebody very much
diagnostic
(adj.)(technical)connected with identifying something, especially
(noun)
1.a program used for identifying a computer fault
2.a message on a computer screen giving information about a fault
indispensable
too important to be without
OEM
original equipment manufacturer
confidant
a person that you trust and who you talk about private or secret things
imperative
- very important and needing immediate attention or action
- expressing authority
- expressing an order
crude
- simple and not very accurate but giving a general idea of something
- simply made, not showing much skill or attention to detail
- offensive or rude, especially about sex
- n its natural state, before it has been treated with chemicals
arcane
secret and mysterious and therefore difficult to understand
degrade
- to show or treat somebody in a way that makes them seem not worth any respect or not worth taking seriously
- to change or make something change to a simpler chemical form
- to make something become worse, especially in quality
assert
- to state clearly and firmly that something is true
- to behave in a confident and determined way so that other people pay attention to your opinions
- to make other people recognized your right or authority to do something, by behaving firmly and confidently
- to start to have an effect
implicit
- suggested without being directly expressed
- forming part of something (although perhaps not directly expressed)
- complete and not doubted
defect
a fault in something or in the way it has been made which means that it is not perfect
subsidize
to give money to somebody or an organization to help pay for something; to give a subsidy
demarcation
a border or line that separates two things, such as type of work, group of people or areas of land
dictate
- to say words for somebody else to write down
- to tell somebody what to do, especially in an annoying way
- to control or influence how something happens
commpassionate
feeling or showing sympathy for people who are suffering
honour
- to do something that shows great respect for somebody/something
- to give public praise, an award or a title to somebody for something they have done
- to do what you have agreed or promised to do
secondhand
中古
deduct
to take away money, points, etc. from a total amount
longevity
long life; the fact of lasting a long time
fad
something that people are interested in for only a short period of time
embrace
- to put your arms around somebody as a sign of love or friendship
- to accept an idea, a proposal, a set of beliefs, etc, especially when it is done with enthusiasm
- to include something
enthusiasm
- a strong feeling of excitement and interest in something and a desire to become involved in it
- something that you are very interested in and spend a lot of time doing
provisional
- arranged for the present time only and likely to be changed in the future
- arranged, but not yet definite
tentative
- not definite or certain because you may want to change it later
- not behaving or done with confidence
exploit
- to treat a person or situation as an opportunity to gain an advantage for yourself
- to treat somebody unfairly by making them work and not giving them much in return
- to use something well in order to gain as much from it as possible
- to develop or use something for business or industry
omniscient
knowing evrything
discern
- to know, recognize or understand something, especially something that is not obvious
- to see or hear something, but not very clearly
discrete
independent of other things of the same type
insoluble
- that cannot be solved or explained
2. that does not dissolve in a liquid
rational
- based on reason rather than emotions
2. able to think clearly and make decisions based on reason rather than emotions
promulgate
- to spread an idea, a belief, etc. among many people
2. to announce a new law or system officially or publicly
construe
to understand the meaning of a word, a sentence, or an action in a particular way
foregoing
used to refer to something that has just been mentioned
preempt
- to prevent something from happening by taking action to stop it
- to do or say something before someone else does
- to replace a planned program on the television
plenary
- to be attended by everyone who has the right to attend
2. without any limit; complete
shoulder
- to accept the responsibility for something
- to push forward with your shoulder in order to get somewhere
- to push somebody/something out of your way with your shoulder
- to carry something on your shoulder
dedicate
- to give a lot of your time and effort to a particular activity or purpose because you think it is important
- to say at the beginning of a book, a piece of music or a performance that you are doing it for somebody, as a way of thanking them or showing respect
- to hold an official ceremony to say that a building or an object has a special purpose or is special to the memory of a particular person
utensil
a tool that is used in the house
establishment
- an organization, a large institution or a hotel
- the people in a society or a profession who have influence and power and who usually do not support change
- the act of starting or creating something that is meant to last for a long time
pertinent
appropriate to a particular situation
cumulative
- having a result that increases in strength or importance each time more of something is added
- including all the amounts that have been added previously
thrive
to become, and continue to be, successful, strong, healthy, etc
prevalent
that exists or is very common at a particular time or in a particular place
niche
- a comfortable or suitable role, job, way of life, etc
- an opportunity to sell a particular product too make somebody nervous or embarrassed so that they are unable to do something
- a small hollow place, especially in a wall to contain a statue, etc, or in the side of a hill
- a position or role taken by a kind of living thing within its community.(生態的地位) Different living things may occupy the same niche in different places, for example kangaroos in Australia
level playing field
a situation in which everyone has the same opportunities
inhibit
- to prevent something from happening or make it happen more slowly or less frequently than normal
- o make somebody nervous or embarrassed so that they are unable to do something
exhibit
- to show something in a public place for people to enjoy or to give them information
- to show clearly that you have or feel a particular feeling, quality or ability
inevitably
- as is certain to happen
2. as you would expect
isolate
- to separate somebody/something physically or socially from other people or things
- to separate a part of a situation, problem, idea, etc. so that you can see what it is and deal with it separately
- to separate a single substance, cell, etc. from others so that you can study it
vibrant
- full of life and energy
- very bright and strong
- loud and powerful
diverge
- to separate and go in different directions
- to be different
- to be or become different from what is expected, planned, etc
exaggerate
to make something seem larger, better, worse or more important than it really is
unduly
more than you think is reasonable or necessary
underpin
- to support or form the basis of an argument, a claim, etc
2. to support a wall by putting metal, concrete, etc. under it
delineate
to describe, draw or explain something in detail
scatter
- to throw or drop things in different directions so that they cover ion ground.
- to move or to make people or animals move in different dirrectins
outlet
- a way of expressing or making good use of strong feelings, ideas or energy
- a shop/store or an organization that sells goods made by a particular company or of a particular type
- a pipe or hole through which liquid or gas can flow out
- a device in a wall that you put a plug into in order to connect electrical equipment to the power supply of a building
bribe
some of money or something valuable that you give or offer to somebody to persuade them to help you, especially by doing something dishonest
testimony
- a thing that shows that something else exists or is true
2. a formal written or spoken statement saying what you know is true, usually in court
vagerie
changes in somebody/something that are difficult to predict or control
insulate
- something to protect something with material that prevents heat, sound, electricity etc. from passing through
- somebody/something from/against something to protect somebody/something from unpleasant experiences or influences
decentralize
to give some of the power of a central government, organization, etc. to smaller part or organizations around the country
mitigatin
a reduction in how unpleasant, serious, etc. is something
concede
- to admit that something is true, logical, etc.
- to give something away, especially unwillingly;to allow somebody to have something
- to admit that you have lost a game, an election, etc.
correspond
- to be the same as or match something
- to be similar to or the same as something else
- to write letters to and somebody and receive letters from them
durable
likely to last for a long time without breaking or getting weaker
tolerate
- to allow somebody to do something that you do not agree with or like
- to accept somebody/something that is annoying, unpleasant, etc. without complaining
- to be able to be affected by a drug, difficult conditions, etc.
dissent
- a judge’s statement giving reasons why he or she disagrees a decision made by the other judges in a court case
- the fact of having or expressing opinions that are different from those that are officially accepted
interdisciplinary
involving different areas of knowledge or study
endeavour
an attempt to do something, especially something new or difficult
eloquent
- able to use language and express your opinions well, especially when you are speaking in public
- able to express a feeling
empirical
based on experiments or experience rather than ideas or theories
competent
- having enough skill or knowledge to do something well or to the necessary standard
- of a good standard but not very good
- having the power to decide something
stipulate
to state clearly and firmly that something must be done, or how it must be done
persistent
- determined to do something despite difficulties, especially when other people are against you and think that you are being annoying or unreasonable
- continuing for a long period of time without interruption, or repeated frequently, especially in a way that is annoying and cannot be stopped
enumerate
to name things on a list one by one
authentic
1,known to be real and genuine and not a copy
2.true and accurate
3,made to be exactly same as the original
genuine
- real; exactly what it appears to be; not artificial
2. sincerely and honest; that can be trust
retrieve
- to bring or get something back, especially from a place where it should not be
- to find and get back data or information that has been stored in the memory of a computer
- to make a bad situation better; to get back something that was lost
enumerate
to name things on a list one by one
malicious
having or showing hatred and a desire to harm somebody or hurt their feelings
intrude
- to go or be somewhere where you are not wanted or are nor supposed to be
- to disturb something or have an unpleasant effect on it
nurture
- to care for and protect somebody/something while they are growing and developing
- to help somebody/something to develop and be successful
- to have a feeling, an idea, a plan, etc. for a long time and encourage it to develop
undermine
- to make something, especially somebody’s confidence or authority, gradually weaker or less effective
- to make something weaker at the base, for example by digging under it
deliberate
- done on purpose rather than by accident
2. done slowly and carefully
omit
- to not include something/somebody, either deliberately or because you have forgotten it/them
- to not do or fail to do something
preeminent
more important, more successful or of a higher standard than others
concession
- something that you allow or do, or allow somebody to have, in order to end an argument or to make a situation less difficult
- the act of giving something or allowing something; the act of conceding
- a reduction in an amount of money that has to be paid
- a right or an advantage that is given to a group of people, an organization, etc, especially by a government or an employer
- the right to sell something in a particular place; the place where you sell it, sometimes an area which is part of a larger building or store
adept
good at doing something that is quite difficult
sniff out
- to discover or find somebody/something by using your sense of smell
- to discover or find somebody/something by looking
maturity date
the time when money you have invested is ready to be paid
amortize
to pay back a debt by making small regular payment over a period of time
setoff
a counter-claim or cross-demand; a claim or demand which the defendant in an action sets off against the claim of the plaintiff, as being his due, where: he may extinguish the plaintiff’s demand, either in whole or in part according to the amount of the set-off
intricacy
- the complicated parts or details of something
2. the fact of having complicated parts, details or patterns
collateral
property or something valuable that you promise to give to somebody if you cannot pay back money that you borrow
gauge(verb)
- to make a judgement about something, especially people’s feelings or attitudes
- to measure something accurately using a special instrument
- to calculate something approximately
indemnity
- protection against damage or loss, especially in the form of a promise to pay for any damage or loss that happens
- a sum of money that is given as payment for damage or loss
plagiarize
to copy another person’s ideas, words or work and pretend that they are your own
quasi-
- that appears to be something but is not realy so
2. partly; alimostl
waiver
a situation in which somebody gives up a legal right or claim; an official document stating this
mundane
not interesting or exciting
fait accompli
something that has already happened or been done and that you cannot change
reluctant
hesitating before doing something because you do not want to do it or because you are not sure that it is the right thing to do
awkward
1.making you feel embarrassed
2.difficult to deal with
3.not convenient
4.difficult or dangerous because of its shape or design
5,not moving in an easy way; not comfortable
tactic
1.the particular method you use to achieve something
2.
subtle
- not very noticeable or obvious
- behaving in a clever way, and using indirect methods, in order to achieve something
- good at noticing and understanding things
forensic
- connected with the scientific tests used by the police when trying to solve a crime
- connected with or used in court
onerous
needing great effort; causing trouble or worry
customary
- if something is customary, it is what people usually do in a particular place or situation
- typical of a particular person
cardinal(adj.)
most important; having other things based on it
cordify
to arrange laws, rules, etc. into a system
champion(verb)
to fight for or speak in support of a group of people or a belief
confront
- to appear and need to be dealt with by somebody
- to deal with a problem or difficult situation
- to face somebody so that they cannot avoid seeing and hearing you, especially in an unfriendly or dangerous situation
- to make somebody face or deal with an unpleasant or difficult person or situation
- to have something in front of you that you have to deal with or react to
effectuate
to make something happen
autonomy
- the freedom for a country, a region or an organization to govern itself independently
- the ability to act and make decisions without being controlled by anyone else
invent
- to produce or design something that has not existed before
- to say or describe something that is not true, especially in order to trick people
inadvertently
by accident; without intending to
