Words Flashcards
Give an example of a common noun
Cars, toys, house, dogs, tables.
What is a proper noun?
A noun which refers to specific people and places.
What are the 2 sub-variations of common nouns?
Concrete
Abstract
Explain what a concrete noun is, and give an example.
A common noun refers to physical things, for example people, objects, animals, etc.
Explain what an abstract noun is and give an example.
Abstract nouns refer to ideas, processes, occasions, times and qualities, they cannot be touched. For example, happiness, fear, sadness, etc.
What are countable nouns? Give an example.
Nouns that can be counted, so have a plural form, they many follow the determiner ‘many’, for example donkeys, cows, etc.
What are non-countable nouns? Give an example.
These refer to substances and qualities that cannot be counted, they cannot follow the determiner ‘a’, ‘many’, ‘several’, etc, except ‘much’. E.g. ‘Food’, ‘water’.
What is the role of adjectives?
To provide extra information about nouns by giving detail of physical qualities, psychological qualities and evaluative judgement.
Give an example of a type of adjective.
Visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, gustatory.
What is a comparative? Give an example
Used to make comparisons, made by adding ‘-er’ to the adjectives, e.g. Bigger, taller, etc.
What is a superlative? Give an example.
Used to make comparisons, made by adding ‘-est’ to an adjective. E.g. Tallest, biggest, etc.
Give an example of a noun being used as an adjective.
The garden wall.
The school field
The lava pit
Give an example of a verb being used as an adjective.
The running boy
The sleeping cat
The talking girl
What is a pronoun?
A word which refers to a noun previously use, or replaced a noun.
Give an example of a possessive pronoun.
Mine, our, yours, his, hers, it’s, theirs.
Give an example of a reflexive pronoun
Myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.
Demonstrative pronouns have deictic function, what does this mean?
They refer to something in immediate context.
Give an example of a demonstrative pronoun.
This, these, that, those.
Give an example of an interrogative pronoun.
Who, which, whom, whose, what.
Give an example of an ‘of’ indefinite pronoun.
All of, both of, either of, neither of, each of, some of.
Give an example of a ‘compound’ indefinite pronoun.
Every, some, any, -one, -body, no+thing
What is a verb?
A word of doing or being.
What is a dynamic verb? Give an example.
A verb which relates to action, e.g to run, to hit, to speak.
What is a stative verb? Give an example.
A verb which expresses states of being or thought processes rather than actions, e.g. To be, to seem, to know, to mean.
What is a transitive verb? Give an example.
A verb followed by a direct object, e.g the dog bit the postman.
What is an intransitive verb? Give an example.
Verbs that cannot take a direct object, e.g the dog barked.
What is an auxiliary verb?
Verbs which are placed in front of main verbs.
Locate the auxiliary in this sentence:
“I must have been thinking about someone else.”
must have been
What are the two types of auxiliary verb?
Primary
Modal
What are the three primary auxiliary verbs?
Be
Have
Do
What can primary auxiliary verbs be used to do?
Indicate time
Construct questions
Add emphasis
Express negatives
True/false
Primary auxiliary verbs can acts as main verbs.
True
They are also the only ones which can.
How do modal auxiliary verbs affect the sentence?
They can alter the tone or meaning of something that is said or written.
Give an example of 3 modal auxiliary verbs.
Can, could, may, might, must, will, would, shall, should.
What is an adverb?
A word that limits or modifies the meaning of any part of speech except a noun or a pronoun.
What can adverbs modify?
Verbs Adjectives Other adverbs Prepositions Whole sentences
What is a circumstance adverb? Give an example.
An adverb that modifies verbs, giving details of circumstance.
E.g. Time and frequency - now, then, soon, recently, etc.
Place - here, fairly, almost, quite, etc.
Manner - slowly, quickly, eagerly, etc.
What is a preposition?
A word that shows the relationship between a noun and another noun or pronoun in a sentence, including those in relation to positions.
E.g. In, on, at, through.
What is a common noun?
A noun that classifies things into general types or categories.
What do determiners do?
They proceed nouns and refer directly to them.
What do prepositions come before?
Nouns
Adjectives
Pronouns
Noun phrases
What does a coordinating conjunction do?
Used to join sentences that are of equal value.
What is an auxiliary verb?
A verb such as ‘be’,’have’,’do’ which can act as the main verb or as a linking verb.
Hyponyms
Words that can be included in a larger, more general category
Hypernyms
Words that label categories
Semantic change
The process of words changing meaning
Morpheme
Smallest grammatical unit
Free morpheme
A morpheme that can stand on its own as a word
Affix
A morpheme that cannot stand on its own as a word, but combines with others to create a new word.
Phrase
Group of words centred around a head word
Clause
Group of words centred around a verb, may be grammatically complete or incomplete (main clause/subordinate clause)
Deixis
Words that are context-bound where meaning depends on who is being referred to, where or when something is happening.
Face
The concept of how all communication relies on presenting ‘face’ to listeners and audiences and how the management of positive and negative face needs to contribute to interaction
Politeness
The awareness of others needs to be approved of and like or given freedom to express their identity and choices
Adjuncts
Non-essential elements of clauses that can be omitted
Disjunction
Sentence adverbs that work to express an attitude or stance towards material that follows
Anaphoric reference
Making reference back to something previously identified in a text (e.g. The woman .. stood by )
Cataphoric reference
Making reference forwards to something as yet unidentified in text
Interdiscursivity
The use of discourses from one field as part of another (e.g. The use of science discourses in the selling of beauty products)
Multimodal texts
Texts that rely on multiple modes to display message (e.g. Image, writing and sound)
Mode
The way in which language is communicated between text producer and receiver.
Poetic voice
The way in which a sense of identity is projected through language choices so as to give the impression of a distinct persona with a personal history and a set of beliefs and values
Personal pronoun
Specific person or peoples
He, she, they
Possessive pronouns
Possession of object or thing
His, hers, theirs, mine
Reflexive pronoun
How the subject affects you
Himself, yourself, themselves
Relative pronouns
Relation to noun and modification
A girl WHO sings
A dog WHICH barks at strangers
Interrogative pronouns
Who are you
What are you doing
Demonstrative pronouns
Points to a noun
This
That
