wordlist

Question 1

What is inductive research?

Answer 1

Inductive research is an approach that often involves exploring and discovering new patterns, theories, or insights based on observations and data. It is referred to as ‘the way of discovery.’

Question 2

What is design science research?

Answer 2

Design science research focuses on creating and evaluating solutions (artifacts) for specific problems.

Question 3

What is explicit knowledge?

Answer 3

Explicit knowledge is codified, structured, and easy to communicate or share with others. It can be expressed in words, numbers, formulas, and documented in manuals, books, articles, databases, and other recorded formats.

Question 4

What are the categories of explicit knowledge? and what order is it?

Answer 4

1. Categorical/Descriptive Knowledge: Identifying and describing what something is.
2. Explanatory/Declarative Knowledge: Explaining how or why something functions.
3. Evaluative Knowledge: Assessing the value or quality of something.
4. Prescriptive/Normative Knowledge: Providing guidelines or best practices.

Question 5

What is implicit knowledge?

Answer 5

Implicit knowledge is personal, intuitive, and difficult to articulate or transfer to others. It is often tacit, unconscious, and based on experience, skills, and intuition.

Question 6

What is a literature review?

Answer 6

A literature review involves examining and summarizing existing research within a specific field to identify research gaps or problems.

Question 7

What are the types of literature reviews?

Answer 7

1. Simplified Literature Review: Summarizes key works to support one’s study.
2. Literature Mapping/Scoping Review: Structures a research field and categorizes existing literature.
3. Systematic Literature Review: Evaluates and synthesizes evidence to answer a specific research question.

Question 8

What is a research paradigm?

Answer 8

A research paradigm defines how research is conducted and how knowledge is understood.

Question 9

What are the levels of data?

Answer 9

1. Nominal Data: Categorical data with no inherent order.
2. Ordinal Data: Ranked data with undefined differences.
3. Interval Data: Ordered data with equal distances but no absolute zero.
4. Ratio Data: Data with an absolute zero point.

Question 10

What is an experiment?

Answer 10

An experiment is a controlled investigation used to determine cause-and-effect relationships by manipulating an independent variable.

Question 11

What are key considerations in experiments?

Answer 11

1. Validity: Are we measuring the right thing?
2. Reliability: Are the results consistent?
3. Bias: Systematic errors that can distort results.
4. Confounding Variables: Other factors that might influence the outcome.

Question 12

What are surveys?

Answer 12

Surveys are a method of collecting data from a large group of respondents efficiently, typically through questionnaires.

Question 13

What is p-hacking?

Answer 13

P-hacking involves conducting multiple statistical tests to find a result that appears significant, even if it is not truly meaningful.

Question 14

What is a research report?

Answer 14

A research report is a formal written document that presents the results of a research study.

Question 15

What does presentation of work refer to?

Answer 15

It refers to how you verbally communicate the results, methods, and conclusions of your research project to an audience.

Question 16

What is a research hypothesis?

Answer 16

A hypothesis is an assumption or prediction about what will happen in a study, consisting of questions or statements that can be tested.

Question 17

What are qualitative analysis methods?

Answer 17

1. Thematic Analysis: Identifying and analyzing recurring patterns in qualitative data.
2. Narrative Analysis: Interpreting meaning in stories.
3. Grounded Theory: Developing theories from collected data.
4. Discourse Analysis: Understanding how language shapes social relationships.
5. Content Analysis: Examining and quantifying specific words or topics in text.

Question 18

What is academic writing?

Answer 18

Academic writing is formal, logical, structured, standardized, and fact-based, using references and citations.

Question 19

What is validity in research?

Answer 19

Validity is the extent to which the study measures what it intends to measure.

Question 20

What is reliability in research?

Answer 20

Reliability refers to how consistent and trustworthy the research results are.

Question 21

What is confirmation bias?

Answer 21

Confirmation bias is the tendency to seek out, interpret, favor, and remember information that confirms one’s pre-existing beliefs or hypotheses.

Question 22

What are variables in research?

Answer 22

Variables are values measured in a study, with independent variables being manipulated and dependent variables being measured.

Question 23

What are interviews?

Answer 23

Interviews are a data collection method involving conversations between the researcher and participants.

Question 24

What are focus groups?

Answer 24

Focus groups are a research method that gathers data through group interaction.

Question 25

What is random sampling?

Answer 25

Random sampling is a method where every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected.

Question 26

What is stratified sampling?

Answer 26

Stratified sampling involves dividing the population into subgroups and taking a random sample from each.

Question 27

What is convenience sampling?

Answer 27

Convenience sampling involves choosing participants based on accessibility, but the sample is rarely representative.

Question 28

What is purposive sampling?

Answer 28

Purposive sampling involves selecting participants strategically for their expected contribution to the study.

Question 29

What is snowball sampling?

Answer 29

Snowball sampling is useful for reaching hard-to-access groups by having existing participants recommend others.

Question 30

What is the research process?

Answer 30

The research process includes defining a research question, identifying research gaps, stating the aim, formulating a hypothesis, conducting a literature review, and establishing a research design.

Question 31

What is the difference between inductive and deductive research?

Answer 31

Inductive research starts with observations to develop theories, while deductive research starts with theories and tests them through empirical data.

Question 32

What is mixed methods research?

Answer 32

Mixed methods research combines both qualitative and quantitative methods.

Question 33

What is a longitudinal study?

Answer 33

A longitudinal study involves repeated observations of the same variables over a long period.

Question 34

What is descriptive statistics?

Answer 34

Descriptive statistics are methods for summarizing and describing data.

Question 35

What is inferential statistics?

Answer 35

Inferential statistics are methods for drawing conclusions about a population based on a sample of data.

Question 36

What is a confidence interval?

Answer 36

A confidence interval (CI) is a measure of how confident we are in our results.

Question 37

What is a p-value?

Answer 37

A p-value is the probability of obtaining the observed result if the null hypothesis is true.

Question 38

What is the null hypothesis?

Answer 38

The null hypothesis (H0) is an assumption that there is no difference or relationship between the investigated variables.

Question 39

What is the alternative hypothesis?

Answer 39

The alternative hypothesis (H1) is the assumption that the researcher wants to prove.

Question 40

What is thematic analysis?

Answer 40

Thematic analysis is a qualitative analysis method for identifying, analyzing, and interpreting patterns in data.

Question 41

What is content analysis?

Answer 41

Content analysis is a qualitative analysis method for quantifying the occurrence of certain words, concepts, or subjects in text.

Question 42

What are the components of academic writing?

Answer 42

1. Abstract: A brief summary of a research paper. 2. Introduction: Presents the problem and research question. 3. Method: Describes how the research was conducted. 4. Results: Presents the findings. 5. Discussion: Analyzes results in relation to the research question. 6. Conclusions: Summarizes findings and implications.

Question 43

What is peer review?

Answer 43

Peer review is the evaluation of a scientific work by experts in the same field.

Question 44

What is ethics in research?

Answer 44

Ethics refers to principles and guidelines for responsible research.

Question 45

What is informed consent?

Answer 45

Informed consent is participants' voluntary and informed agreement to participate in the research.

Question 46

What is anonymity in research?

Answer 46

Anonymity ensures that participants' identities cannot be linked to their data.

Question 47

What is confidentiality in research?

Answer 47

Confidentiality involves keeping participants' information private and not sharing it with unauthorized individuals.

Question 48

What does Significance mean?

Answer 48

means that a result is unlikely to be due to chance. If a result is statistically significant, it suggests that the effect or difference observed is real and not random. A common threshold is p ≤ 0.05, meaning there’s less than a 5% chance that the result happened by accident.

Question 49

what does Effect Size mean?

Answer 49

Effect size helps us know if something really works or if the difference is just tiny and not important

Question 50

What are Test groups?

Answer 50

The experimental group receives the treatment or independent variable manipulation in an experiment.

Question 51

What are Control Groups?

Answer 51

The control group receives no treatment or a placebo, serving as a baseline to compare the experimental group's results. Random assignment ensures unbiased outcomes.

Question 52

Explain T-test?

Answer 52

A t-test is a statistical tool used to test for significance by comparing means and determining if the difference is real or just due to chance.

Question 53

what T-tests are there

Answer 53

Independent t-test (two-sample): Compares the means of two unrelated groups. Paired t-test: Compares means from the same group before and after a treatment. One-sample t-test: compares if the majorety of a single group is significantly different from a known or expected majorety of the population.

Question 54

what is Chi and Pearson's R?

Answer 54

Chi-Square (χ²) Test: Checks if two categories (e.g., gender and favorite color) are related by comparing actual vs. expected counts. Pearson's R: Measures how strongly and in what direction two numbers (e.g., hours studied & test scores) move together. Ranges from -1 (strong negative) to +1 (strong positive).

Question 55

what is Hypothesis testing?

Answer 55

A statistical method to determine if there is enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis in favor of an alternative.

Question 56

What is correlation testing?

Answer 56

Measures the strength and significance of the relationship between variables (e.g., Pearson’s R) but does not imply causation.

Question 57

Explain Qualitative Research.

Answer 57

Qualitative research explores experiences, meanings, and behaviors using non-numerical data like interviews, observations, and texts. It focuses on understanding rather than measuring.

Question 58

Explain Quantitative Research.

Answer 58

focuses on numbers, measurements, and statistical analysis to study patterns and relationships. It uses surveys, experiments, and numerical data to test hypotheses and make predictions.

Question 59

Key diffrences between Qualitative & Quantitative research?

Answer 59

Qualitative research explores "why" and "how" using descriptive data. Quantitative research focuses on "what" and "how much" using numbers and statistics.