Word Recognition Flashcards
what are some methods for studying visual word recognition?
saccades, fixation, regression, perceptual span in reading
what does RT and accuracy involve?
a method for study word recognition that involves a naming task, lexical decision task, and semantic categorization
what is the word frequency effect?
higher frequency words are accessed faster than lower frequency words (words that are used more we can access faster)
what is semantic priming?
the observation that a response to a target (e.g., dog) is faster when it is preceded by a semantically related prime (e.g., cat) compared to an unrelated prime (e.g., car)
what types of stimuli does semantic priming involve?
prime & target
what is involved in attention and word recognition?
semantic priming, 2 attentional processes:
- one is short lived -> automatic
- one is slower and controlled -> conscious
what can sentence context facilitate?
the sentence context can facilitate word recognition, if the target word is consistent w/ sentence context
what are the models of visual recognition?
- autonomous search
- logogen
- connectionist models: SM, interactive activation
what is the autonomous search model?
our lexicon is organized like a list (serially) and placed into access bins
how does the autonomous search model account for word frequency effect?
Higher frequency words are listed 1st in access bins and serial search starts at the top of the bin/file.
how does the autonomous search model account for sentence context effects?
Doesn’t naturally account for context (Forster: lexical access is autonomous)
what is the cohort model?
spoken word recognition occurs in stages:
- acces
- selection
- integration
how does the cohort model account for word frequency effect?
when narrow cohort (activation level of different items differ as a function of word frequency)
how does cohort model account for sentence context effects?
later version: integration stage
earlier version: when narrow cohort (selection stage)
what is the logogen model of word recognition?
logogen refers to an entry in the lexicon; it monitors info from the stimulus and context
how does the logogen model account for word frequency effects?
Higher frequency words have lower threshold. (So, need less activation from the input to reach threshold.)
how does the logogen model account for sentence context effects?
Built into the model: Context increases activation of logogens.
what is the SM model of word recognition (Seidenberg & McClelland)?
lexicon is an interactive network of connections among different layers of processing
- units depend on layer: orthography, phonology, semantics
what does different layer activation mean?
pattern of activation at orthographic, phonological, and context layer all determine what gets activated in the conceptual (meaning) layer
- more units activated together = more pathways, patterns are strengthened
how does the SM model account for word frequency effect?
the more frequent the word, the units used are activated to form that word more, which leads to stronger pathways
(Higher frequency words have stronger pathways)
how does the SM model account for sentence context effects?
Built into the model: Context -> parallel activation down to units in other layers
