Word Analysis, Etymology, and Orthography Flashcards

1
Q

Word Analysis

A

Sound patterns (phonology) and inflection, derivation, compounding, and roots and affixes (morphology)

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2
Q

Phoneme

A

Smallest unit of sound. Combines with other units of speech sounds to form a word. Not the same as a syllable.

Ex: thrill /th/ /r/ /i/ /ll/ (4 phonemes)

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3
Q

Grapheme

A

Equivalent of a phoneme in writing. A letter or number of letters that represent a phoneme or sound.

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4
Q

Phonetics

A

Study of how speech sounds are made and understood. Dictionaries have phonetic spellings.

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5
Q

Morphology

A

Deals with internal structure and forms of words. Concerned with the rules for the use of morphemes.

Ex. Plural endings depend on the ending of words patch-> patches

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6
Q

Morpheme

A

Smallest unit of meaning in language

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7
Q

Context Clues

A

Words and sentences around the unfamiliar word that often provide clues to its meaning.

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8
Q

Morphemic Analysis

A

Identify parts of the word. Recognize prefixes, suffixes, and roots to understand meaning of unknown words.

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9
Q

Word Family

A

Category of words built around the same word part.

Ex. Chron and time

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10
Q

Compound Words

A

Words made up of two or more smaller words.

Ex. Sailboat

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11
Q

Borrows Words

A

Words imported from other languages

Ex. Taboo, avant-garde

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12
Q

Inflectional Affixes

A

Word endings that serve various grammatical purposes but don’t change the meaning of the word:

  • s, es = plural
  • ’s = possessive
  • s = verb, present tense third person singular = thrives
  • ing = verb present participle/gerund = going
  • ed = verb past tense
  • en = verb past perfect participle = tighten
  • er = adjective comparative
  • est = adjective superlative
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13
Q

Derivational Affixes

A

Alter the meaning of word by building on the base:

Prefixes:

anti- = against
de- = undo
ex- = former
mis- = in a faulty manner
re- = do again

Suffixes:

  • ly = characteristic of
  • er, -or = person or profession
  • ion, -tion, -ation, -ition, -sion = process or action
  • ible, -able = ability to do something
  • al, -ial, -ical = with characteristics of
  • y = characterized by
  • ness = condition or state of
  • ty, -ity = state of quality
  • ment = action or process
  • ic = having characteristics of
  • ous, -eous, -ious = having the qualities of
  • en = made of or like
  • ive, -ative, -itive = adjective form of a verb
  • ful = full of
  • less = lacking or without
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14
Q

Syntax

A

Rules and principles for constructing sentences in language. It can be shown using a branch diagram.

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15
Q

Simple Sentence

A

Independent clause contains a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought

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16
Q

Compound Sentence

A

Contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator such as for, and, nor, but, so, yet.

17
Q

Complex Sentence

A

An independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. Always has a subordinator such as since, because, after, although, or when or a relative pronoun such as who, which, or that.

18
Q

Semantics

A

Study of meaning in language, both oral and contextual. Can deal with word meanings, sentence meanings, and contextual understanding.

19
Q

Pragmatics

A

Focuses on language as a tool for communication and is concerned with how different types of sentences or phrases are used in different contexts and for different purposes. Concerned with a speaker’s intended meaning rather than the literal meaning of an utterance.

Ex. Get the pie out of the fridge… Are your legs broken?

20
Q

Pragmatic Competence

A

When a reader understands the true meaning of a passage or utterance. An understanding of the us of figurative language and irony

21
Q

Etymology

A

Word origins; be aware of word families

22
Q

Orthography

A

Standardized system of writing words with proper letters according to accepted rules of usage. Includes the spelling rules for a language. Difficulties in spelling are due to unpredictable sound-symbol correspondences