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Systematic Biology > Woody & Seed Plants Notes > Flashcards

Woody & Seed Plants Notes Flashcards

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1
Q

Lignophytes apomorphies

A
  • Common name: woody plants
  • Vascular cambium - gives rise to secondary xylem (wood) and phloem
  • Cork cambium - give rise to periderm (including cock)
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2
Q

Spermatophytes

A
  • Common name: seed plants
  • Monophylectic group within the lignophytes.
  • A seed is an embryo, surrounded by nutritive tissue and a seed coat. An immature seed, prior to fertilization, is known as an ovule.
  • Seed plants have a great advantage over seedless plants, as seeds provides both protection and nutrients to developing embryos during their formation and later germination.
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3
Q

Seed Evolution

A

The evolution of the seed may have included the following steps:

  • Heterospory
  • Endospory-development of the gametophyte within a spore wall
  • Reduction of megaspore number to one (first through a reduction in the number of megasporocytes to one, and then through a reduction in the number of functional megaspores to one)
  • Retention of the megaspore-the megaspore is retained with megasporangium, rather than being released
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4
Q

Pollen Grain Evolution

A
  • Along with the evolution of seeds came the development of pollen.
  • By definition, a pollen grain is an immature, endosporic male gametophyte. The male gametophyte is not considered mature until a pollen tubehas formed. This process is referred to as siphonogamy. The pollen tube delivers the sperm cells to the egg of the ovule.
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5
Q

Seed Adaptations

A

The seed provides several advantages to seed plants. These include:

  • Providing protection to the embryo (seed coat)
  • Acting as dispersal units (fleshy seed coat, wings, etc.)
  • Exhibiting dormancy.
  • Providing nutritive tissue to the embryo.
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6
Q

Eustele

A

• Another apomorphy of the spermatophytes (extant) is the eustele. The protoxylem of a eustele is endarchin position.

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7
Q

Progymnosperms

A
  • The progymnosperms, which existed in the Late Paleozoic era, are now extinct. Their characteristics were somewhere between the trimerophytes and seed plants.
  • For example, they reproduced by means of freely dispersed spores, yet had wood similar to that of living conifers. They also produced secondary phloem.

* Archeopteris
.

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8
Q

Pteridosperms

A

• Pteridosperms, also known as seed ferns were primitive seed-bearing plants with fernlike leaves. They lived from the Late Devonian to the Carboniferous.

* Medullosa

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9
Q

Gymnosperms

A

• The gymnospermsform a molophyletic group that is a sister group to angiosperms. Gymnosperm means “naked seed.” This refers to the fact that the ovules are borne more or less exposed to the air (typically on the surface of sporophylls). In other words, the seeds are not contained within a fruit.

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10
Q

Cycadophyta

A
  • Common name:cycads
  • Cycads appeared at least 320 mya, near the start of the Permian period.
  • Cycads are palm-like plants that live mainly in the tropics and subtropics. Some may reach 18 m in height.
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11
Q

Cycadaceae characteristics

A
  • Stems palm-like, sparingly branched
  • Leaves fern-like, pinnately compound, leathery
  • Dioecious
  • Female strobili are not formed
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12
Q

Zamiaceae characteristics

A
  • Stems palm-like and rough, usually unbranched
  • Leathery leaves fern-like, pinnately compound
  • Dioecious
  • Male and female strobili formed

* Zamia

  • The largest sperm cells in the plant kingdom (ca. 300micrometers in diameter). They are multiflagellate.
  • Its starchy underground stem was used as a source of flour by Seminole Indians.
  • The seedcoat consists of an outer fleshylayer and aninner stonylayer.
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13
Q

Ginkgophyta characteristics

A
  • Common name: ginkgo, maidenhair tree
  • Ginkgo appeared at least 280 mya during the Permian period.
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14
Q

Ginkgoaceae

A
  • Deciduous trees with fan-shaped leaves dichotomous venation)
  • There are two types of shoots. The regular branches are known as long shoots. They produce spirally arranged leaves that are deeply bilobed.
  • The long shoots also have lateral spur shoots. Each spur shoot has a terminal cluster of up to 16 leaves. These leaves are either unlobed or only slightly lobed.
  • Dioecious
  • Microsporangiate strobilus
    • microsporophyll has 2 mircosporangia
    • microsporangium has many microspores
  • Ovules occur in pairs on stalks at the tips of spur shoots
  • Seed coat consists of an outer fleshy layer, a middle stony layer, and an inner dry, papery layer
    • fleshy layer has a bad odor (vomit), and can cause dermatitis
  • thus, female trees are avoided
  • inner part of the seed can be roasted and eaten
  • mature seeds look like small plums

• Often referred to as a “living fossil.”

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15
Q

Coniferophyta characteristics

A
  • Common name: conifers
  • Appeared at least 290 mya, during the late Carboniferous period.
  • Mostly trees, usually evergreen
  • Leaves simple, typically needle-or scale-like
  • Usually monoecious
  • Male strobili (cones) typically possess microsporangia on the lower surface of the microsporophylls, nonmotile sperm
  • Female strobili (cones) typically have flattened ovules attached to the upper surface of ovuliferous scales
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16
Q

Pinaceae

A
  • Trees
  • In Pinus
    • At first, the needle-like leaves are borne singly and spirally arranged
  • Later, they are borne in bunches (fasicles) of 2-8. At the base of each fasicle are short scalelike leaves that hold it together.
  • Monoecious
  • Microsporangia in small herbaceous cones
  • Each microsporophyll bears microsporangia on the lower side
  • Female cones woody, ovuliferous scaleswith two ovules borne on the upper surface, each scale with a bractunderneath.
17
Q

Abies

A

• Common name: balsam fir

  • Cones upright, scales falling with seeds at maturity. Attractive odor.
18
Q

Larix

A

• Common name: eastern larch

  • Leaves deciduous. Often planted as an ornamental.
19
Q

Picea

A

• Common name: red spruce

  • Needles typically 4-sided and sharp, attached to branches on tiny “bumps.” Often used as ornamental.
20
Q

Pseudotsuga

A

• Common name: Douglas fir

  • Important as a source of lumber. Female cones possess bracts that are longer than the ovuliferous scales.
21
Q

Tsuga

A

• Common name: eastern hemlock

  • Often used as an ornamental. The needles are relatively short and flat, and typically have two white lines beneath.
22
Q

Cupressaceae

A
  • Common name: cypress family
  • Trees or shrubs
  • Leaves evergreen, opposite or whorled, small and scale-like
  • Monoecious or dioecious
  • Male cones small and inconspicuous
  • Female cones small, dry and woody, or fleshy and berry-like
  • Seeds often winged.
23
Q

Taxaceae

A
  • Common name: yew
  • Trees or shrubs
  • Leaves evergreen, alternate, with three light green and two dark green bands beneath
  • Dioecious
  • Male cones with shield-shaped microsporophylls, each with 6-8 microsporangia
  • Female structure a solitary, terminal ovule with a fleshy aril
24
Q

Taxodiaceae

A
  • Common name: bald cypress
  • Trees
  • Leaves scale-like to needle-like, evergreen or deciduous
  • Monoecious
  • Male cones small, in catkin-like clusters
  • Female cones woody, round, peltate megasporophyllswith 2-9 ovules
  • Bracts and scales partially or completely fused
25
Q

Metasequoia

A

• Common name: dawn redwood

  • This “living fossil” is widely planted as an ornamental
26
Q

Sequoia

A

• Common name: redwood

  • Tallest tree on earth. Found primarily along the coast of northern California. Wood is prized for its resistance to weather.
27
Q

Sequoiadendron

A

• Common name: giant sequoia

  • May reach heights of ca. 250 feet
28
Q

Taxodium

A

• Common name: bald cypress

  • Known for its rot-resistant wood.
29
Q

Cunninghamia

A

• Common name: China fir

  • Used extensively as an ornamental.
30
Q

Cryptomeria

A

• Common name: Japanese cedar

  • Used extensively as an ornamental.
31
Q

Podocarpaceae

A

* Podocarpus

32
Q

Araucariaceae

A

* Araucaria

* Wollemia (Wollemi pine)

  • thought to be extinct
  • tree up to 120 feet tall
  • discovered in 1994 close to Sydney, Australia
  • fewer than 40 plants are known
33
Q

Order: Gnetales

A
  • Common name: gnetophytes
  • Apomorphies
  • striate pollen
  • vessels with porose perforation plates
34
Q

Ephedraceae

A
  • Common names:ephedra, mormon tea
  • Profusely branched shrubs that inhabit arid or desert regions
  • Younger branches carry on the photosynthesis, older stems are woody
  • Small scale-like leaves that are opposite or in whorls of three
  • Monoecious and dioecious forms known
  • Microsporangiate and megasporangiatestrobili formed
  • Bilocular microsporangia dehisce by apical fissures
  • One member provides the drug ephedrine
35
Q

Gnetaceae

A
  • Common names:gnetum
  • Members are trees and climbing vines
  • Large, leathery leaves resembling those of dicots
  • Inhabit moist tropics of South America, West Africa, and southeast Asia
  • Dioecious
  • Microsporangia occur on elongate axes that arise from bractlike leaves
36
Q

Welwitschiaceae

A
  • Ccommon names: welwitschia
  • Inhabits southwest Africa
  • Most of this plant is buried in the soil
  • Above-ground part is a woody, concave disc that produces only 2 strap-like leaves
  • Dioecious
  • Cones are produced on the margins of the disc
  • Fertilization is unique in that tubes from the eggs grow up toward, and unite with, the pollen tubes
  • Fertilization occurs within the united tubes

* Welwitschia

Systematic Biology (10 decks)

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