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Wood biology and potential production deterrents Flashcards

0
Q

Why have engineering building products been developed

A

They use waste that accompanies sawn lumber production and some of these products such as beams are not only stronger than solid lumber but are available in sizes wider and longer than the lengths cut from a single log

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1
Q

Name some engineered building products

A

Particleboard waferboard, dense fiberboard, laminated veneer beams, glue laminated beams,parallel strand beams and plywood

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2
Q

Name nine species Of wood that are readily available

A

Douglas fir, western larch, western, hemlock, Pacific Coast cypress, eastern larch, jack pine, lodgepole pine, sitka spruce and western red cedar

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3
Q

what is sawn lumber

A

Lumber that is cut from logs

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4
Q

Is wood corrosive

A

wood is neutral it will not react with corrosive materials such as acids and alkali but it is susceptible to rot and must be protected with chemicals or by keeping dry and well ventilated

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5
Q

what kinds of finish and paint can you use on wood?

A

It holds very well if it is dry. it is easy to paint, stain and varnish.
both oil base and latex based paint can be used on wood

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6
Q

What are some disadvantages of using Wood

A
  • It swells and shrinks when the moisture content in the atmosphere changes.
  • it is likely to rot or be invaded by insects
  • flammable
  • it is not uniform in composition ex: has knots and different speeds of growth affect its strength
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7
Q

What is the density of wood

A

500 to 600 kg/m³

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8
Q

What is the density of steel

A

8000 kilograms per meter cubed

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9
Q

What is the density of concrete

A

2400 kg/m³

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10
Q

How long does it take for wood to mature to a size size that it can be harvested

A

From 40 to 100 years

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11
Q

How can a wood beam and the supporting a bent steel beam after a fire

A

It burns slower than hot metal weakens

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12
Q

List the three main parts of the tree

A

The crown the trunk and the roots

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13
Q

This structure of the tree is an extremely thin region of living cells which is responsible for the formation of millions of new cells produced by a tree each year. the cells produced by this structure form other structures which make up the bulk of the tree

A

Cambium layer

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14
Q

This region of the tree consists of light-colored commercially valuable wood . its function is to conduct sap upward from the roots to the crown of the tree

A

Sapwood

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15
Q

This structure of the tree consisting of dark-colored structurally weak material is located at the center of the tree. first wood growth takes place around it

A

Pith

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16
Q

These long narrow structures appear as fine lines on the surface of the cross-section of a tree trunk or branch their purpose is to conduct food and moisture laterally across the trunk or branches

A

RAYS

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17
Q

This corky material is composed entirely of dead cells it’s function is to protect the tree from pests disease and damage

A

outer bark

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18
Q

This part of Treewood is darker than other wood structures. Composed of dead cells with natural Tannins and resins it is more durable and less susceptible to decay then other wood structures. its main function is to give the tree structural support

A

Heart wood

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19
Q

This region of the tree transports food manufactured in the leaves to other parts of the tree

A

Inner bark

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20
Q

These structures consist of concentric circles or rings which are visible on a cross-sectional cut of the tree trunk or branch. they can be used to determine the age of the tree and eventually they form the woodgrain pattern when a log is sawn into boards

A

annular rings

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21
Q

Which two different types of wood form annual growth rings

A

Springwood and Summerwood

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22
Q

Why do tropical woods have an obscure grain while North American woods tend to have an obvious grain

A

North American winters and summers are very extreme in their conditions well tropical ones are less so and that affects the growth

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23
Q

The sapwood region of softwood trees contains specialized cells which move sap through tiny openings called pits. what are they called?

A

Tracheids

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24
Q

What is water in a cell wall called

A

Bound water

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25
Q

When does wood shrink

A

When it dries

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26
Q

Where does the greatest shrinkage take place in a piece of wood

A

In it’s width and thickness

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27
Q

Quartersawn wood is also known as ……grain

A

Edgegrain

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28
Q

When is a cup formed

A

When an edge grain board or a quartersawn board dries out

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29
Q

Which is the heaviest species of softwood

A

Western Larch

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30
Q

Which is the latest species of softwood

A

Western red Cedar/Spruce/pine/fir

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31
Q

Which species of wood is considered to be the strongest of the softwoods

A

Douglas fir /Western larch

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32
Q

Which species of wood is considered to be free from resins

A

Western hemlock

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33
Q

Which species of wood is best suited for manufacturing ladders

A

Sitka Spruce

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34
Q

Name four species of woods that have very little or no taste or odour

A

Basswood, Alpine fir, Western larch ,sitka Spruce

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35
Q

What is Pacific Coast yellow cedar noted for

A

It’s resistance to acids and DEcay

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36
Q

Which species of wood has a deep warm brown color

A

Western red Cedar

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37
Q

Name the two species of Spruce that are found in Western Canada

A

Coast sitka spruce, English man Spruce

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38
Q

Where in Canada are Jackpine and Balsam fir Found

A

Eastern Canada

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39
Q

What is compression wood

A

Dodd

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40
Q

What is compression wood

A

Abnormal wood that forms on the underside of leaning and crooked coniferous trees. it is characterized by hardness,brittleness, and a relatively lifeless appearance. It’s color is easily distinguished from that of normal wood. Lumber with this defect is not permitted if the defect can be readily seen, or if it rates potentially damaging in the stress grades, or if it is specifically listed as unacceptable

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41
Q

What are three common causes of mechanical defects in lumber

A

Improper seasoning techniques, improper handling and improper storage

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42
Q

What is a split in a board

A

Separation of wood which happens when wood cells Tear apart

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43
Q

What is a check

A

A lengthwise separation of wood which usually occurs between or through the rings of annual growth

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44
Q

What is the pith shake

A

It is also known as a heart-shake, star shake, or heart check it extends through the growth rings from or through the path towards the surface of the piece. it can be distinguished from the season check by the fact that the greatest width of the season check in the pith- centered piece is farthest from the pith

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45
Q

What is a ring shake or cup shake

A

The split which occurs between the growth rings and partially or wholly in circles the pith

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46
Q

What is a sound knot or live not

A

It is formed from a live branch. It starts out as a bud on the side of the treetrunk and as it develops successive layers of wood cover it. As a result both trunk and branch increasing girth at roughly the same rate as long as the branch remains alive it’s outer growth rings remain fused to the adjoining Trunk. and even after the tree is cut into planks the knot can be depended on to remain in place

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47
Q

What is a dead knot or. Black knot

A

It’s forms after the branch dies this often happens in lower branches that been deprived of light by too dense foliage above them. Without light food to the branch of diminishes, and the branches die and eventually drop off. The tree continues to grow and eventually envelops the stump of the dead branch. When this is cut into a board it is called a tight knot which is actually separate in the board and cannot be dependent on for strength

48
Q

What is the difference between a loose knot and a tight knot

A

A loose knot is a dead not which has completely come loose and there is a hole in the board a tight knot is still the separate piece of dead branch still in the board.

49
Q

In which application wood a knot be considered an asset

A

When it is in Knotty Pinewall paneling where knots lend a decorative quality to the final product

50
Q

What is Wane

A

Wane is bark that has been left on the edge or corner of a piece of lumber;or it is missing wood on the edge or corner, arising from any cause

51
Q

What is pitch

A

The accumulation of resinous material. it usually collects when wood in the tree is damaged by wind or lightning

52
Q

All the Decay results from the invasion of a single class of plants called what

A

Fungi

53
Q

The moisture content is below this percentage for no further rot to occur.

A

20

54
Q

What is sap stain fungus

A

It turns the wood blue but has no effect on the structural strength because it feeds on the contents of the wood cells without damaging the walls

55
Q

What is Rot fungus

A

It feeds on both the contents of the cells and the cell walls themselves and breaks large holes in the cell walls and holes cause the wood to deteriorate.

56
Q

What are three kinds of rot fungi

A

brown rot
white rot
dry rot

57
Q

How do you get rid of rot fungi

A

Discard the wood or have the infected portions removed

58
Q

What is brown rot

A

It attacks the cellulose material that makes up the walls of oneself, and eventually it reduces the affected wood to brittle, brownish material.

59
Q

What is white rot

A

It attacks both the cellulose that makes up the cell walls and the lignin that binds the cells. white rot is also called white spec, which is an initial stage of White rot. Infection shows itself as a soft, pulpy mass of white., Which has no structural strength. Like most forms of brown rot, Whitrock develops before tree is felled and does not persist after drying. Amputate

60
Q

What is dry rot

A

It survives the drying process
It occurs in wood surfaces that are in contact with damp walls
The name dry rot arises from the condition which infected what is reduced. The wood breaks into dry brown cubes, which crumble to fine dust under finger pressure.

61
Q

How do you prevent decay

A

Ensure that lumber has been dried to moisture content of 20% or less
space ensure that wood placed in service is adequately ventilated
treat wood with preservatives to prevent fungus attack

62
Q

What are four insects that damage wood

A

Carpenter ants
western subterranean termites
Pacific dampwood termites
Powder-post beetles

63
Q

How do you know carpenter and is living in your building

A

Sightings of worker ants which are 6 mm to 12 mm in size
House of sawdust
Rustling sounds in walls, floor or ceiling
Sightings of workers inside the house in winter or spring when it is too cold for them to be outside
Ant trails to and from the house

64
Q

How you know Western subterranean termites are in your building

A

Western subterranean Termites live in wood in contact with the soil but will travel inside specially-constructed mud tubes to feed on wood above the soil. Most of the damage is confined to wood in basements and at ground level
They are winged termites and are about 10 mm long and have black bodies and long pale wings

65
Q

What is Pacific damp wood termite

A

Attacks wood with a high moisture content. In some cases., The entire inside of infested wood is eaten leaving only the other shell
Male and female template terminates have brown bodies with long, translucent, brown wings. Their overall length is about 25 mm. They usually leave the colony in large numbers during late summer. the worker termite is creamy white in color and never leaves the wood

66
Q

What is a powder post beetlew

A

The bore round holes 2 to 3 mm in diameter inside the wood. their tunnels are filled with sawdust and excrement. Sapwood with a high moisture content in shaded areas is especially susceptible to attack.

67
Q

What is chipped grain

A

Particles of wood that are chipped or broken below the line of cut. They are too small to classify as torn grain.

68
Q

What is torn grain

A

An irregularity in the surface of a piece, where wood has been torn or broken out by surfacing.

69
Q

What is raised grain

A

And unevenness between the Springwood and Summerwood on the surface of dressed lumber

70
Q

What is loosened grain

A

Grain separation or loosening, without displacement, between Springwood and Summerwood

71
Q

What is Skip

A

An area that has not been surfaced cleanly

72
Q

What is hit and miss

A

A series of skips, with surfaced areas in between.

73
Q

What is mismatch

A

And an even fit in that results when adjoining pieces of worked Lumber do not meet tightly at all points of contact, or when the surfaces of the adjoining pieces are not in the same plane.

74
Q

What is machine burn

A

The darkening of wood due to machine knives or rollers becoming overheated when pieces are stopped in the machine

75
Q

What is machine gouge

A

A groove cut by the machine below the desired line

76
Q

What is machine offset

A

An abrupt dressing variation in the edge surface, which usually occurs near the end of the piece. It does not reduce the width or change the plane of the wide surface.

77
Q

What is Chip Marks

A

Shallow depressions or indentations on the surface of dressed lumber. They occur during dressing when shavings or chips become embedded in the surface

78
Q

What are knife marks

A

The imprints or markings that machine knives make on the surface of dressed lumber

79
Q

What are the three types of building frame construction

A

Platform framing
Balloon framing
Post, beam and plank construction

80
Q

What is the limit of spacing on framing members in platform framing

A

24 inches on center

81
Q

What is the limit of spacing in framing members in balloon framing

A

24 inches

82
Q

what is a limit of spacing of framing members and post,beam and plank construction

A

Anything greater than 24 inches

83
Q

And which kind of building framing is it possible that a building inspector may require that an engineer make an on-site inspection of the engineered components

A

Post, Beam and plank construction

84
Q

Which frame construction is known as Western framing

A

Platform-frame Construction

85
Q

What is the most common framing system used in British Columbia

A

Platform-frame construction

86
Q

In which type of framing system is the floor built first and used as a platform to build the walls which are framed independently from the floors and I lifted into place once they are squared and sheathed

A

Platform frame construction

87
Q

What is the standard height of Platform frame construction framed walls

A

8 feet and three quarters of an inch which gives the height of approximately 8 feet after the ceiling finish and floor finish are considered

88
Q

And platform frame construction what is the standard platform framing stud length of the walls

A

92 1/4 inches. Which incorporates a single bottom [sole] plate and 2 top plates

89
Q

Which type of frame construction is also known as Eastern frame construction

A

Balloon-frame construction

90
Q

Why is balloon-frame construction only used in special situations

A

It is very time-consuming

91
Q

Which type of frame construction is rarely

A

When an entire building using balloon frame construction

92
Q

In split-level buildings which two types of framing constructions are used together

A

Balloon-frame construction and platform-frame construction

93
Q

In which type of framing construction are the studs 18 feet long and extend from the concrete at the bottom right to the top of the second floor walls

A

Balloon-fame construction

94
Q

In which type of framing construction are the second floor Joists resting on a ledger that is carved into the walls

A

Balloon-frame construction

95
Q

In which type of frame construction are fire stops required at each floor which prevent the stud cavity from acting as a chimney and drawing a fire from the lower floor to the floor above

A

Balloon-frame construction

96
Q

Which type of framing construction consists of larger dimension members of wood that are spaced at more than 24 inches on center

A

Post, beam and plank construction

97
Q

In which type of framing construction are concrete footings enlarged in area to support the concentrated loads

A

Post, beam and plank construction

98
Q

If a building is made of wood frame components and has cement stucco on it which is at the same height what happens

A

The stucco will crumble and buckle. Therefore expansion joints are used at each floor level to allow the building to move without buckling it

99
Q

The building is made of wood and masonry what needs to happen

A

A space must be left at the top of the masonry veneer so that as the wood shrinks it will not be damaged since the masonry is stronger

100
Q

What is the benefit of balloon framing

A

The lack of shrinkage and settling

101
Q

Why are post and beam components used

A

Their ability to create large open spaces

102
Q

On which framing system is the standard stud length based

A

Standard platform framing

103
Q

Which framing system is the fastest to construct

A

Platform-frame construction

104
Q

Which part of the building code covers the design of platform framing

A

Part 9

105
Q

What must be done if changes are made to the structure of a woodframe building

A

A complete review of design

106
Q

Surfaced dry lumber has a moisture content of what

A

19% or less

107
Q

What are actual dimensions of lumber vs nominal

A

.5 “ less for 2”-6”

8,10,12 is 3/4 “ less

108
Q

if half inch drywall is used as interior finish can you use 24” studs?

A

yes the building code accepts it but its not adviseable as it does not allow enough support.

110
Q

can you apply cement stucco to exterior walls withjout using wall sheathing?

A

yes paper backed stucco wire is applied directly to studs. although code allows 24” stud spacing 16: o.c. helps to keep the wire flat.

111
Q

how does thermal insulation affect wall construction

A

minimum stud depth must be increased to accomodate the thicker insulation.

112
Q

how many nails must be used to nail a wall stud to the plate?

A

either four 2.5 nails or two 3.25 end nails

113
Q

what size and spacing must be used to nail the double top plate to the top plate on a wall

A

3” nails at 24” o.c. or

walls with studs sat 16” o.c. nails are placed at stud location to keep out of way for plumbing and wiring

114
Q

what size poly is placed as a vapour barrier between the top plate and double top plate where the ceiling above the walls is insulated

A

24” wide strip of 6mil poly between top plate and the double top plate

115
Q

how are bottom or sole plates attached to joists or blocking?

A

nailed through the subfloor sheathing at 16” o.c. with 3.25 nails

116
Q

AT WHAT POINT DO YOU INSULATE CONCEALED WALL STUD SPACES AT INTERSECTIONS AND CORNERS OF WALL?

A

prior to installing exterior sheathing

117
Q

when must you use rigid foam insulation to fill wall cavities?

A

when you cant configure studs to allow for insulation to be put in after the roof is on.

118
Q

what happens if fiberglass insulaqtion gets wet?

A

it reduces the insulating capabilities of the fiberglass and may cause rot in the wood-frame.

119
Q

the size and spacing of exterior wall studs is found in which part of the building code?

A

part 9

Carpentry (3 decks)

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