Wonders of the cell

Question 1

Viruses

Answer 1

No organelles
Only have DNA and RNA in a protein head
Uses all of the host cell’s machinery
Cant replicate without a host cell

Question 2

Nucleus

Answer 2

Cellular control center
Surrounded by a nuclear membrane
Holds genetic material
Holds nucleolus which has a role in ribosome synthesis
holds nucleoplasm

Question 3

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 3

Network of channels for transport of proteins
butts up with a nuclear membrane
Contains ribosomes

Question 4

Ribosomes

Answer 4

Synthesis proteins
Large and small subunits
Can remain free or dock onto the ER smooth or rough

Question 5

Secretory proteins

Answer 5

Proteins that are used inside of the cell

Made by ribosomes clung to the ER

Question 6

DNA

Answer 6

Doesnt leave the nucleus

contains all genetic material for the cell

Question 7

mRNA

Answer 7

delivers genetic material to the ribosomes by making a rough copy of DNA and leaves through nuclear pores of the nucleus

Question 8

smooth ER

Answer 8

important in lipid synthesis for membranes
Steroid synthesis
Calcium storage

Question 9

Transport vesicle

Answer 9

A fat bubble filled with substrate that buds from the ER or other places throughout the cell and fuses with the membrane. example of active

Question 10

Endosymbiotic theory

Answer 10

mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from bacteria that were eaten by an ancient cell. These organisms then lived inside the ancient cell and were a benefit to the ancient cell. This action is called endosymbiosis.

Question 11

surface to volume ratio

Answer 11

as a cell gets larger, its volume increases. Volume increases proportionally larger than surface area.

Question 12

Cells prefer to be smaller rather than larger

Answer 12

Since cells can only move nutrients into the cell and waste products out of the cell at a certain rate, it does it all much faster if the cell is smaller. If a cell is big, it will not be able to get all the nutrients it needs on time and also toxic waste products will be stuck inside of the cell long enough for damage to be done to the cell.

Question 13

things that can freely cross the cell membrane

Answer 13

lipid-like molecules
small uncharged molecules(H2O, CO2, O2, amino acids
some small molecules but they need a helper membrane transport protein(glucose)
charged substances also need help to cross(ions)
Large molecules like polymers cant cross.

Question 14

Water (aquaporin) channels

Answer 14

A channel that lets water through because water hydrophilic and the membrane is made out of phospholipids which are hydrophobic

Question 15

diffusion

Answer 15

molecules move from a region of high concentration to low concentration until equilibrium
no energy needed
need a concentration gradient to happen.

Question 16

facilitated diffusion

Answer 16

passive- no energy is needed but requires a transport protein and it also needs a gradient
Help proteins are called facilitative proteins

Question 17

Osmosis

Answer 17

the diffusion of water- high concentration to low
or from a low solute concentration to a high solute concentration. Water moves in the direction of where there is more solute, meaning less water

Question 18

hypertonic

Answer 18

contains more solute than something else

Question 19

hypotonic

Answer 19

contains less solute than something else

Question 20

isotonic

Answer 20

contains the same amount of solute as something else

Question 21

lysing

Answer 21

when an animal cell is placed in a hypotonic solution and blows up from all of the water rushing into the cell(called a lysed cell)

Question 22

crenated(shrunk)

Answer 22

when a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution

The cell will become shrivled from all of the water rushing out of the cell. a crenated cell does not function

Question 23

flaccid

Answer 23

when a plant cell is placed in a isotonic solution, the cell becomes floppy and it will function but it will not work to its full potential. not as much sunlight.

Question 24

turgid

Answer 24

when a plant cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, the cell will work best when it is in this state. It is firm and the cell membrane will be pushed up against the cell wall

Question 25

shriveled

Answer 25

when a plant cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. the cell will become shrivled and it will die

Question 26

active transport

Answer 26

requires energy

used to move materials against a concentration gradient

Question 27

endocytosis

Answer 27

transporting things into the cell

Question 28

pinocytosis

Answer 28

a type of endocytosis, it takes small amounts of dissolved material into the cell via vesicles. non specific, the same action every time.

Question 29

phagocytosis

Answer 29

a type of endocytosis, it takes large solid materials into a cell via food vacuoles. non specific, the same action every time. the cell surrounds the solid object and makes it part of itself

Question 30

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Answer 30

specific uptake, does things according to whats being taken in, receptors feel around to induce the action. Example is LDL’s which are cholestrol vesicles that are used in the liver.

Question 31

exocytosis

Answer 31

moves a substance out of a cell via vesicle