Women's and Men's Health Flashcards
Define dysmennorrhea
Painful periods
Define menorrhagia
Heavy periods
Define oligomenorrhoea
Infrequent periods
Define metrorrhagia
bleed ing between periods
Red flags in menstural hx?
Abnormal discharge, bleeding in between periods, bleeding after sex, weight loss, palpable mass in pelvis, sx of mets, iron deficiency anaemia
How can cervical cancer present on examination?
White or red patches on cervix. As disease progresses - abnormal cervix appearance.
How do you manage mennorhagia?
Treat cause. If no cause, tranexamic acid, COCP, IUS. Give iron tablets if anaemic
What are red flags for menorrhagia?
Weight loss, masses in pelvis or abdomen, iron def or anaemia, constipation, discomfort or pelvic pain.
How do you manage mennorhagia?
Treat cause. If no cause, tranexamic acid, COCP, IUS. Give iron tablets if anaemic
How does ovarian cancer present?
early satiety, abdo distension, abdo or pelvic mass, haemturia, fatigue and weight loss
What investigations would you do for menorrhagia
Cervical exam, abdo and pelvic exam, FBC, ultrasound
What is primary dysmenorrhea?
Young girls, painful periods in the absence of pelvic pathology, usually due to prostaglandins
How is PCOS treated?
COCP and lifestyle advice. Also give metformin.
Spironolactone - hirstuism
What is Turners Syndrome?
Ovarian dysgenesis, No oestrogen and high FSH and LH
How would treat Turners Syndrome
Regular BP and surveillance checks, growth hormone therapy, and potentially oestrogen and progesterone
What do you need to rule out for amenorrhea?
pregnancy and menopause
Define primary and secondary amenorrhea
Primary - periods never started. Secondary - periods started but has stopped for six months.
How would you investigate or assess a woman presenting with amenorrhea?
See if they have secondary sexual characteristics. If not - see if there is an underlying chromosomal delay. Measure GnRH. Genetic testing. Palpate vagina and abdomen. USS, TFTs, prolactin levels.
What are red flags for urinary symptoms in men?
On examination - hard prostate, irregular prostate, unexplained haematuria, lower back pain, bone pain, weight loss.
How is PCOS treated?
COCP and lifestyle advice. Also give metformin.
How does menopause present?
hot flushes, night sweats, irregular periods, joint pain, itching, bloating, mood changers, forgetfulness, vaginal dryness, urge-stress incontinence
How would you test if a woman is in menopause?
FSH blood test
How does stress incontinence present?
Increase pressure leads to leakage of urine - e.g. jumping or laughing.
What advice would you give to a patient with stress incontinence?
Lifestyle advice - less caffeine, reduce fluid intake, reduce weight, 3 months of pelvic floor muscle training.
What symptoms are related to a voiding problem?
Hesitancy, weak or intermitted urinary stream.
What symptoms are related to a storage problem of urine?
urgency, nocturia, day time urinary frequency, incontience
What symptoms are related to post micturition condition?
Post micturition dribble and sensation of incomplete emptying.
What is the mechanism of action of Sildenafil?
Blocks phosphodiesterase 5 - promotes breakdown of cGMP which regulates blood flow in the penis
How does urge incontinence present?
Compelling desire to pass urine immediately accompanied or followed by involuntary leakage
How do you treat urge incontinence
Bladder training referral, oxybutynin (antimuscuranic drug)
What is an overactive bladder?
Regularly gets a sudden desire to pass urine which is difficult to put off
How do you treat OAB
Decrease fluid intake, improve healthy lifestyle, urinary containment products. Referral for supervised bladder training and if not working, oxybutynin
What is erectile dysfunction
Inability to maintain and establish an erection
What drugs can cause erectile dysfunction?
Beta blockers, verapamil, antipsychotics, thiazides, spirinolactone, digoxin, amiodarone, recreational drugs
How would you treat erectile dysfunction?
Establish and treat cause. Urology referral for young men who have always had a problem. Prescribe sidenafil
What are other causes of erectile dysfunction?
Psychological- stress and anxiety
Hx of pelvic and uretheral surgery. Endocrine disorders e..g hyperthyroidism and Cushings
