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women psych test 1 > women psych test 1 > Flashcards

women psych test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Gender

A

the psychological characteristics asd social categories that human culture creates.

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2
Q

Sexism

A

is bias against people on the basis of their gender.

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3
Q

Racism

A

is bias against people on the basis of radical or ethnic groups

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4
Q

Classim

A

is a bias that is based on social class

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5
Q

Ableism

A

bias against people with disabilities

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6
Q

heterosexism or sexual prejudice

A

refers to a bias against anyone who is not exclusively heterosexual.

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7
Q

feminism

A

the principle that values women’s experiences and ideas; feminism also emphasizes that women and men should be socially, economically and leagaly equal

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8
Q

Liberal feminism

A

the goal of gender equality, giving women and men the same rights and opportunities.

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9
Q

Cultural feminism

A

emphasizes the positive qualities that are presumed to be stronger in women than in men - qualities such as nurturing and care taking.

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10
Q

Radical feminism

A

argues that the basic cause of women’s oppression lies deep in the entire sex and gender system, rather than in some superficial laws and policies.

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11
Q

Women of color feminism

A

points out that the other three types of feminism overemphasize gender.

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12
Q

similarities perspective

A

believe that men and women are generally similar in their similar in their intellectual and social skills.

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13
Q

social constructionism

A

individuals and cultures construct or invent their own versions of reality, based on prior experiences, social interactions and beliefs.

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14
Q

differences perspective

A

argues that men and women are generally different in their intellectual and social abilities.

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15
Q

essentialism

A

argues that gender is a basic, unchangeable characteristic that resides within an individual.

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16
Q

White -privilege concept

A

white people have certain privileges, based on their skin color

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17
Q

White as normative concept

A

which points out that being white is the normal standard in our culture.

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18
Q

intersectionality

A

emphasizes that each person belongs to multiple social groups, based on categories such as ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, and social class.

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19
Q

U.S. centered nationalism

A

the United States is dominant over all countries in the world, which are believed to have lower status.

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20
Q

Operational definition

A

describes exactly how researchers will measure a variable in a study

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21
Q

empathy

A

is your ability to experience the same emotion that someone else is feeling

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22
Q

confounding variable

A

is any characteristic, other than the central variable being studied, that is not equivalent under all conditions.

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23
Q

practical significance

A

as the name implies, means that he results have some meaningful and useful implications for the real world.

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24
Q

gender as a subject variable

A

a characteristic within a person that influences the way she or he acts.

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25
Q

gender as a stimulus variable

A

means a characteristic of a person to which other people react.

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26
Q

stereotypes

A

are beliefs and assumptions that we associate with particular groups of people.

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27
Q

gender stereotypes

A

are the beliefs that we associate with females and males

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28
Q

discrimination

A

refers to biased treatment of a particular group of people.

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29
Q

masculine generic or androcentric generic

A

is the use of masculine nouns and pronouns to refer to all human beings - both males and females - instead of males alone.

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30
Q

communion

A

emphasizes a concern for your relationship with other people.

31
Q

agency

A

describes a concern with your own self-interests.

32
Q

explicit gender stereotypes

A

the kind you supply when you are aware that you are being tested

33
Q

implicit gender stereotypes

A

are the automatic stereotypes you reveal when you are not aware that your gender stereotypes are being assessed.

34
Q

Hostile sexism

A

the more blatant kind of sexism is based on the idea that women should be subservient to men and should “know their place”

35
Q

Benevolent sexism

A

is a more subtle kind of sexism that argues for women’s special niceness and purity.

36
Q

ambivalent sexism

A

therefore combines both hostile sexism and benevolent sexism.

37
Q

lesbain

A

is a women who is psychologically, emotionally, and sexually attracted to other women.

38
Q

gay male

A

is a man who is psychologically, emotionally and sexually attracted other men.

39
Q

bisexual

A

is someone who is psychologically, emotionally and sexually attracted to both women and men.

40
Q

heterosexism

A

is a belief system that devalues lesbians, gay males and bisexuals or any group that is not exclusively heterosexual

41
Q

sexual prejudice

A

is a negative attitude that individuals hold against someone because of her or his sexual orientation.

42
Q

gender polarization

A

when we divide the world int two groups - male and female - we tend to see all males as being similar, all females as being similar, and the two gender categories as being different from each other.

43
Q

social cognitive approach

A

stereotypes are belief systems that guide and simplify the way we process information, including information about gender.

44
Q

The normative male

A

the male experience is considered the norm - that is, the neutral standard for the species as a whole.

45
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

your expectations about someone may lead him or her to act to ways that confirm your original expectation

46
Q

stereotype threat

A

your preformance may suffer

47
Q

androgynous

A

a person who scores high on both scales of male and female

48
Q

gender typing

A

includes how children acquire their knowledge about gender and how they develop their gender related personality characteristics, preferences, skills, behaviors, and self concepts.

49
Q

prenatal period

A

the time before birth

50
Q

infancy

A

the period between birth and 18 months of life

51
Q

androgen

A

one of the male sex hormones.

52
Q

estrogen

A

one of the female sex hormones

53
Q

androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

a condition in which genetic males produce normal amounts of androgen, but a genetic condition makes their bodies not respond to androgen. As a result, the genital tubercle does not grow into a penis, the external genitals look female. These children are usually labeled girls because they lack a penis.

54
Q

social constructionism

A

argues that we tend to construct or invent our own versions of reality based on our prior experiences and beliefs.

55
Q

social learning approach

A

proposes two major mechanisms for explaining how girls learn to act “feminine” and how bos learn to act “masculine”

56
Q

modeling or observational learning

A

two social learning components, children also learn by watching others and imitating them

57
Q

cognitive developmental approach

A

argues that children are active thinkers who seek infomation from their environment; children also try to make sense of this infomration and organized it in a coherent fashion

58
Q

gender schemas

A

how children organize information into two conceptual categories, female and male.

59
Q

chilly classroom climate

A

operates, faculty members treat men and women differently in the classroom, and women may feel ignored and devalued. As a result,some women may participate less is discussions and may be less likely to feel academically competent.

60
Q

frequency distribution

A

how many people in a sample receive each score

61
Q

box-score approach or counting approach

A

researchers read through all the appropriate studies on a given topic and draw conclusions based on a tallly of their outcomes

62
Q

altruism

A

providing unselfish help to others who are in need, without anticipating any reward

63
Q

nurturance

A

is a kind of helping in which someone gives care to another person, usually someone who is younger or less competent.

64
Q

empathy

A

when you (1) understand the emotion that another person is feeling (2) you experience that same emotion and (3) you are concerned about the person well-being

65
Q

justice approach

A

each individual is part of a hierarchy in which some people have more power and influence than others

66
Q

care approach

A

individuals are interrelated with other people in a web of connections

67
Q

differences perspective

A

tends to emphasize that males and females are different from each other

68
Q

similarities perspective

A

tends to minimize gender differences, arguing that males and females are generally similar.

69
Q

glass ceiling

A

is an invisible but rigid barrier that seems to prevent women and people of color from reaching the top levels in many professional organizations

70
Q

denial of personal disadvantage

A

many women are reluctant to acknowledge that they - personally - are the victims of discrimination

71
Q

labyrinth metaphor

A

women in search of a promotion will encounter many difficulties along the route, including dead ends, detours and puzzling pathways

72
Q

sticky floor

A

the situation of women who are employed in low-level dead-end jobs with no chance of promotion

73
Q

glass escalator

A

phenomenon applies to men who enter fields that are often work; in these occupations, men are often quickly promoted to management positions

women psych test 1 (1 decks)

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