Women In Sports (lol) Flashcards
What do Boheim and Lackner (2015) look at?
- Analyses whether men and women differ in their risk taking behaviour in a competitive setting.
- Looks at data on high jump and pole vaulting
- Looks at tendency for athletes to pass (a risky strategy)
- Then looks at risk to rerun for passing
Talk about the strategy behind a pass.
You’ve got 3 attempts to clear the bar for each height. Passing means you skip to the next height but you can’t bring the bar back down if you fail
How do they model the tendency to pass?
They control for various factors and do it across high jump, pole vault and combined events. Uses instrumental variables to deal with endogeneity of a pass (doing it because of competitors)
How is the endogeneity of a pass accounted for?
Using instrumental variables. The chance of passing is a function of competitive pressure - dummy = 0 if no one else passes, 1 if someone else does
What do they find in regards to passing between men and women?
What does this suggest?
Negative and significant coefficient for women across all 3. Suggests women are more risk averse.
How do they check for returns to risk?
Run another regression modelling success. Controls for factors and has pass as a variable.
Controls: no. Prev jumps, no. Competitors, no. Prev fails etc
What are the results for return to risk?
What does this suggest?
Significant positive coefficient on pass for high jump men, women and pole vault men.
Passes lead to a higher chance of success at the next attempt for men and women.
Women pass less often than men, but if they passed more they’d be more likely to be successful. Are women more risk averse
What are the reasons for women passing more? What does this say about the male risk-return strategy why do they pass so much?
They’re likely more risk averse.
Men pass more but not because they benefit more from it (not some physiological advantage) but just because they’re more risky.
What other results do we observe about competitive behaviour? Competitive pressure coefficient?
The competitive pressure coefficient is greater for men. This suggests that men react stronger to their competitor’s behaviour than women do. Men are more likely to take risks in a competitive environment
Talk about Boheim and lackner more generally. What do the results suggest?
— Passes lead to a higher chance of success at the next attempt for all athletes
- Female athletes are less confident
- Positive returns also indicate that athletes, in particular women, would improve performances by passing more
- applies to high jump but not pole vault
What does Bernd Frick look at?
Gender differences in risk-taking and sensation seeking behaviour with evidence from extreme sports.
- do men and women differ w.r.t. sensation seeking behaviour?
What happens in freediving?
Announce depth you want to reach. Send it and if you don’t make it you get disqualified.
What happens in cliff diving?
You just from a 27m platform, you have 4 previously announced dives.
What are Fricks findings with freediving?
Men announce and achieve greater depths than women. This is purely due to differences in lung capacity
Probability if a man accomplishing announced depth is in no different to that of a woman.
Performance of men and women has increased equally over time (coefficient on gender and time interaction term)
What are frick’s findings with cliff diving?
Women were much worse but the is mainly because they were underrepresented and less experience. They’re rapidly catching up
Consistent with the idea that men and women DO NOT differ with respect to their sensation seeking behaviour.
