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MIN Exam 2 > Women Health > Flashcards

Women Health Flashcards

1
Q

Contraception Methods

A
  • abstinence
  • withdrawal
  • natural family planning
  • hormonal
  • barrier
  • permanent sterilization
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2
Q

Vasectomy

A
  • scalpel technique: cut and ligate/cauterize vas deferens

- no-scalpel technique: puncture scrotum to deliver vas deferens then ligate or cauterize

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3
Q

Traditional tubal occlusion

A
  • ligating
  • blocking with clips or rings
  • cauterizing
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4
Q

Newer tubal occlusion

A
  • brand name: essure
  • micro-inserts placed into proximal fallopian tubes
  • no reported pregnancies to date
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5
Q

IUD’s

A
  • most effective

- NOT for patient with current STD, PID, or uterine anomalies

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6
Q

ParaGard T

A
  • releases copper
  • causes inflammation of endometrium and decreased sperm motility
  • placed for 10 years
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7
Q

Mirena & Skyla

A
  • releases levonorgestrel
  • creates inhospitable environment
  • decreased ovulation
  • Mirena placed up to 5 years
  • Skyla up to 3 years
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8
Q

IUD decreases…

A

risk of ectopic pregnancy compared to patients no using birth control

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9
Q

Nexplanon

A
  • most effective
  • contains progestin
  • implanted in inner upper arm

NOT for:

  • hx of clot
  • hx of br cancer
  • liver dz
  • smoker
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10
Q

Combination Oral Contraceptives

A
  • very effective
  • administration of estrogen and progesterone prevents ovulation
  • come in various forms and combo’s
  • very effective if used as directed

General risks: hypercoagulability

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11
Q

How to take contraceptives

A

-usually, active pills are taken for 21 days, then 7 days inactive pills

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12
Q

Monophasic

A
  • fixed ratio estrogen/progesterone

prototype: Lo/Ovral

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13
Q

Biphasic

A
  • estrogen stays same, progesterone increased in 2nd half

prototype: mircette

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14
Q

triphasic

A
  • estrogren and progesterone increase in 3 phases

prototype: ortho tricylcen Lo

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15
Q

Combo pills serious side effects

A
  • thrombosis

- accelerated breast tumor growth

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16
Q

Patient teaching oral contraceptives

A 
A: abnormal liver fx
C: CP - SOB
H: HA
E: eye problems
S: severe leg pain (thromboembolic process)
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17
Q

Progestin-only products

A
  • mini pill
  • work more by creating inhospitable environment than preventing ovulation
  • less effective, more breakthrough
  • safer is a smoker, heart dz, breastfeeding
  • all 28 pills are active

Prototype: Micronor

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18
Q

Depo

A
  • lasts 3 months
  • safe postpartum
  • must stay on schedule
  • side effects: irregular spotting at first, eventually may have amenorrhea
  • wt gain, HA, decreased libido, depression, hair loss, delayed return to fertility
  • loss of bone mineral density
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19
Q

Xulane: The Patch

A
  • 1 combo patch q wk x3, then 1 wk off
  • advantages: easier to remember
  • not effective if over 198lbs, skin rxns common
  • other side effects similar to combo pills, greater risk for VTE compared to pills
  • not for pt with hx of VTE
20
Q

NuvaRing

A
  • combo hormone
  • indwelling ring placed against the cervix
  • remains for 3 wks, then removed for 1 wk to allow meses
  • need backup for 1 wk after ring placed for first time
  • side effects similar to combo pill
  • other issues: client comfort with use
21
Q

Barrier Method

A
  • moderately effective
  • male/female condoms
  • vaginal sponge
  • diaphragm
22
Q

Cervical Cap

A
  • FemCap

- more effective for nulliparous women

23
Q

Spermicide

A
  • effective
  • available as creams, gels, film, foam, and suppositories containing nonoxynol-9
  • used alone or with a barrier method
24
Q

Fertility Awareness

A
  • effective
  • rhythm method
  • standard days method (cycle beads)
  • BBT Method
  • Billings ovulation method
  • Symptothermal method
25
Q

Emergency Contraception

A
  • prevents pregnancy after sex
  • not the same as abortion pill
  • methods: plan B, Ella, Copper T IUD
26
Q

Abortion

A

Spontaneous vs. Elective

  • purposeful interruption of pregnancy before 20 wks gestation (elective, therapeutic)
  • legal and moral issues
27
Q

Concurrent use of spermicides and latex condoms…

A

provides protection against STIs

28
Q

Tubal ligations and vasectomies are…

A

permanent sterilization methods

29
Q

Induced abortion performed in the ____ trimester is safer and less coplex

A

first

30
Q

most common complications of induced abortion

A
  • infection
  • retained products of conception
  • excessive vaginal bleeding
31
Q

Infertility

A

defined as a lack of conception with unprotected SI x12 months

-increases with age

32
Q

Sterility

A

inability to conceive

33
Q

Contributing factors to infertility

A
  • 1/3 female issue
  • 1/3 male issue
  • 1/3 related to a combination of both male and female problems or unknown
34
Q

Causes of female infertility

A
  • hormone imbalance
  • structural: endometriosis, scar tissue, congenital anomalies
  • polycystic ovarian syndrome
  • infections
  • genetics
  • weight
  • age
  • environment
35
Q

PCOS

A
  • 4-12% of women in US
  • abnormal metabolism of androgen and estrogen leading to a hormone imbalance that impedes ovulation
  • small cysts form in the ovaries rather than producing a mature egg (anovulatory)
  • peripheral insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia
  • dyslipidemia
  • increased clotting factors
  • obesity
36
Q

PCOS Symptoms

A
  • abnormal menstrual patterns
  • male pattern hair growth
  • increased muscle mass, deepened voice
  • infertility
  • obesity
  • DM
  • acanthosis nigricans
  • apple shape
  • HTN
37
Q

PCOS Infertility Tx

A
  • weight loss
  • metformin
  • ovulation induction using agents like clomiphene (Clomide)
38
Q

Metformin

A

regulates insulin resistance and improves hormone balance, thus reducing symptoms after 2 or 3 months of use in many patients

39
Q

Assistive Reproductive Technologies

A

IVF-may include donor egg or sperm costs for this is very high with no guarantees for success

  • gestational surrogacy
  • adoption
40
Q

Menopause

A
  • climacteric period
  • permanent cessation of menstrual flow with mean age of 51 years
  • just one event occurring over months when ovarian function and hormone production decline call peri-menopausal period
  • decreasing levels of estrogen and progesterone result in many of the classic symptoms
41
Q

Labs for menopause

A
  • FSH

- LH

42
Q

Symptoms of menopause

A
  • vasomotor symptoms “hot flashes” r/t low levels of estrogen and increased levels of LH
  • sleep disturbances
  • urogenital atrophy leading to vaginal thinning, incontinence, cystocele and rectoceles
  • osteoporosis and kyphosis
  • hair loss and hair growth in annoying places
43
Q

Menopause Key Points

A
  • alt in thermoregulation
  • alteration in comfort
  • trauma, risk for r/t bone loss
  • sleep pattern disturbance
  • altered urinary elimination
  • knowledge deficit
44
Q

HRT

A

most beneficial in minimizing vasomotor symptoms, bone loss, and maintaining higher levels of high density lipoproteins (HDL) lipids

45
Q

Herbal Approaches

A

soy: may help…more research needed

black cohosh, red clover, ginseng probably don’t help

MIN Exam 2 (6 decks)

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