woman's health- patho III

Question 1

what is adrenarche?

Answer 1

activation of the adrenal cortex (release ACTH)

Question 2

what is gonadarche?

Answer 2

activation of the gonads by FSH and LH

happens at puberty

Question 3

what is pubarche?

Answer 3

appearance of pubic hair

Question 4

what is thelarche?

Answer 4

appearance of breast tissue

Question 5

what is menarche?

Answer 5

onset of first menstrual period in a females life

Question 6

what are the Tanner stages?

Answer 6

In females, they are stages that look as breast development and pubic hair

Question 7

Tanner stage 1?

Answer 7

prepubery- no palpable breast tissue and no pubic hair

Question 8

Tanner stage 2?

Answer 8

development of a breast bud, enlargement of areolar diameter, sparse strait hair along lateral vulva

Question 9

Tanner stage 3?

Answer 9

enlargement of breast without separation of areolar contour from the breast, hair is darker, courser and curlier

Question 10

Tanner stage 4?

Answer 10

areola and papilla project above the breast, pubic hair is adult like

Question 11

Tanner stage 5?

Answer 11

recession of areola to match contour of the breast, pubic hair is adult like

Question 12

when does menarche begin?

Answer 12

approx 2.6 years after onset of puberty
-once female is in stage II, they will get their period in about 2.6 years.
Age 11-15

Question 13

what is polymenorrhea?

Answer 13

cycles < 3 weeks

Question 14

what is oligomennorrhea?

Answer 14

cycles > 6-7 weeks

Question 15

what is hypermenorrhea?

Answer 15

excessive flow

Question 16

what is menorrhagia?

Answer 16

increase amount and duration of flow

-ie go from using 4 tampons to 10 and from periods that last 10 days to 14 days

Question 17

what is menomertrorrhagia?

Answer 17

prolonged flow with irregular intermittent spotting between episodes

Question 18

what is a cause of DUB in prepuberty?

Answer 18

precocious puberty-hypothalmic,pituitary, or ovarian in origin

Question 19

what is a cause of DUB in adolescence?

Answer 19

anovulatory cycle
coagulation disorders (VWd)

Question 20

what is a cause of DUB in perimenopausal women?

Answer 20

anovulatory cycle

irregular shedding

Question 21

what is a cause of DUB in postmenopausal women?

Answer 21

endometrial atrophy

Question 22

how does the WHO classify endometrial hyperplasia?

Answer 22

1. glandular/stromal architectual pattern

2. presence or absence of nuclear atypia

Question 23

define simple hyperplasia without atypia?

Answer 23

glands are various size and irregular shape
mild increase in the gland/stroma ratio
eithelial growth is similar to proliferative endometrium
*only 1% chance of becoming carcinoma

Question 24

define simple hyperplasia with atypia

Answer 24

appearance of simple hyperplasia

atypia: loss of polarity, vesicular nuclei, and prominnent nucleioli
* 8% progress to CA

Question 25

define complex hyperplasia without atypia?

Answer 25

increase number and size of glands, gland crowding
abundant mitotic figures
cells has normal cytology
-3% chance of becoming cancer

Question 26

define complex hyperplasia with atypia

Answer 26

**23-48% chance of progressing to CA

really have to monitor!

Question 27

what are the type of carcinoma of the endometrium?

Answer 27

Type 1- from T1 endometrial hyperplasia

Type 2-from T2 endometrial hyperplasia

Question 28

what are stromal tumors?

Answer 28

tumors of the supporting cellls (connective tissue and some glandular tissue)

Question 29

what is endometriod CA grading based on?

Answer 29

cell characteristics

Question 30

Endometriod CA grade 1

Answer 30

well differentiated adenocarcinoma <5% nonglandualr growth

Question 31

Endometriod CA grade 2

Answer 31

moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma with partly solid areas
6-50% soild

Question 32

Endometriod CA grade 3

Answer 32

predominatly solid or entirely undifferentiated carcinoma including all serous and clear cell carconomas (poorly diff>50% soild)
serous and clear are immature cells that should not be there

Question 33

what is endometroid CA staging based on?

Answer 33

how they decide to manage the treatment

Question 34

Endometriod CA stage I

Answer 34

carcinoma confined to the corpus uteri itself

Question 35

Endometriod CA stage II

Answer 35

carconoma has involved the corpus and the cervix

Question 36

Endometriod CA stage III

Answer 36

carcinoma has extended outside the uterus but not outside the true pelvis

Question 37

Endometriod CA stage IV

Answer 37

carcinoma has extended outside the true pelvis or involved the mucus of the bladder or rectum

Question 38

what are the chromosomal abnormalities in leiomyomas?

Answer 38

balanced translocation b/w 12-14
partial deletions of long arm of chromosome 7
rearrangements of 6P,3q, 10q
rearrangements of 12q 14 adn6p: HMCIC and HMGIY genes

Question 39

what are the manifestations of fibroids based on?

Answer 39

where they are located

Question 40

what are the symptoms for:
submucosal leiomyomas
compression on the bladder
disruption on the blood supply?

Answer 40

abnormal bleeding
urinary frequency
pain (ischemic uterine tissue) and infertility (not a good decidua)

Question 41

what are the symptoms of leiomyoma in pregnant females?

Answer 41

spontanious abortion
fetal malpresentation-may interfere with delivery
uterine inertia-the uterus can not contract, so you have to do a c section
post partum hemorrhage-if the tumor gets disrupted during delivery

Question 42

what percent of body fat is needed for menstruation?

Answer 42

15-16%

Question 43

what is the female athlete triad?

Answer 43

amenorea
eating disorders
osteoporosis