woman's health- patho III Flashcards
what is adrenarche?
activation of the adrenal cortex (release ACTH)
what is gonadarche?
activation of the gonads by FSH and LH
happens at puberty
what is pubarche?
appearance of pubic hair
what is thelarche?
appearance of breast tissue
what is menarche?
onset of first menstrual period in a females life
what are the Tanner stages?
In females, they are stages that look as breast development and pubic hair
Tanner stage 1?
prepubery- no palpable breast tissue and no pubic hair
Tanner stage 2?
development of a breast bud, enlargement of areolar diameter, sparse strait hair along lateral vulva
Tanner stage 3?
enlargement of breast without separation of areolar contour from the breast, hair is darker, courser and curlier
Tanner stage 4?
areola and papilla project above the breast, pubic hair is adult like
Tanner stage 5?
recession of areola to match contour of the breast, pubic hair is adult like
when does menarche begin?
approx 2.6 years after onset of puberty
-once female is in stage II, they will get their period in about 2.6 years.
Age 11-15
what is polymenorrhea?
cycles < 3 weeks
what is oligomennorrhea?
cycles > 6-7 weeks
what is hypermenorrhea?
excessive flow
what is menorrhagia?
increase amount and duration of flow
-ie go from using 4 tampons to 10 and from periods that last 10 days to 14 days
what is menomertrorrhagia?
prolonged flow with irregular intermittent spotting between episodes
what is a cause of DUB in prepuberty?
precocious puberty-hypothalmic,pituitary, or ovarian in origin
what is a cause of DUB in adolescence?
anovulatory cycle coagulation disorders (VWd)
what is a cause of DUB in perimenopausal women?
anovulatory cycle
irregular shedding
what is a cause of DUB in postmenopausal women?
endometrial atrophy
how does the WHO classify endometrial hyperplasia?
- glandular/stromal architectual pattern
2. presence or absence of nuclear atypia
define simple hyperplasia without atypia?
glands are various size and irregular shape
mild increase in the gland/stroma ratio
eithelial growth is similar to proliferative endometrium
*only 1% chance of becoming carcinoma
define simple hyperplasia with atypia
appearance of simple hyperplasia
atypia: loss of polarity, vesicular nuclei, and prominnent nucleioli
* 8% progress to CA
define complex hyperplasia without atypia?
increase number and size of glands, gland crowding
abundant mitotic figures
cells has normal cytology
-3% chance of becoming cancer
define complex hyperplasia with atypia
**23-48% chance of progressing to CA
really have to monitor!
what are the type of carcinoma of the endometrium?
Type 1- from T1 endometrial hyperplasia
Type 2-from T2 endometrial hyperplasia
what are stromal tumors?
tumors of the supporting cellls (connective tissue and some glandular tissue)
what is endometriod CA grading based on?
cell characteristics
Endometriod CA grade 1
well differentiated adenocarcinoma <5% nonglandualr growth
Endometriod CA grade 2
moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma with partly solid areas
6-50% soild
Endometriod CA grade 3
predominatly solid or entirely undifferentiated carcinoma including all serous and clear cell carconomas (poorly diff>50% soild)
serous and clear are immature cells that should not be there
what is endometroid CA staging based on?
how they decide to manage the treatment
Endometriod CA stage I
carcinoma confined to the corpus uteri itself
Endometriod CA stage II
carconoma has involved the corpus and the cervix
Endometriod CA stage III
carcinoma has extended outside the uterus but not outside the true pelvis
Endometriod CA stage IV
carcinoma has extended outside the true pelvis or involved the mucus of the bladder or rectum
what are the chromosomal abnormalities in leiomyomas?
balanced translocation b/w 12-14
partial deletions of long arm of chromosome 7
rearrangements of 6P,3q, 10q
rearrangements of 12q 14 adn6p: HMCIC and HMGIY genes
what are the manifestations of fibroids based on?
where they are located
what are the symptoms for:
submucosal leiomyomas
compression on the bladder
disruption on the blood supply?
abnormal bleeding
urinary frequency
pain (ischemic uterine tissue) and infertility (not a good decidua)
what are the symptoms of leiomyoma in pregnant females?
spontanious abortion
fetal malpresentation-may interfere with delivery
uterine inertia-the uterus can not contract, so you have to do a c section
post partum hemorrhage-if the tumor gets disrupted during delivery
what percent of body fat is needed for menstruation?
15-16%
what is the female athlete triad?
amenorea
eating disorders
osteoporosis
