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NMSP Exam III > Wolff Crossword > Flashcards

Wolff Crossword Flashcards

1
Q

can range from 1.5-2 hr to >100 hours for individual benzodiazepines

A

half-life

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2
Q

widely used anxiolytic benzodiazepine, often in part because it has a moderate half-life, is eliminated by conjugation and lacks active metabolites

A

lorazepam

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3
Q

benzodiazepine receptor population selectively activated by the non-benzodiazepine (z-drug) agonists

A

BZ1

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4
Q

brain region at the epicenter of anxiety neural processing, site of action for anxiolytic drugs

A

amygdala

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5
Q

a word often used to describe benzodiazepines relative to barbiturates

A

safe

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6
Q

form of sleep gained at the expense of others with use of benzodiazepines, presumed reason that abrupt discontinuance of these drugs leads to rebound insomnia

A

stage II

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7
Q

important for the metabolism of many drugs including benzodiazepines and barbiturates, this is responsible for multiple drug interactions

A

CYP 3A4

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8
Q

IV benzodiazepine antagonist that rapidly reverses benzodiazepine effects after overdose or surgery; use carries a risk of seizures especially for those who have used benzodiazepines long-term so watchful waiting is preferred if patient is stabilized

A

flumazenil

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9
Q

word that can collectively describe the behaviors, speech, and movements of a person treated with a benzodiazepine or barbiturate…sometimes characterized as the first thing that is inhibited is one’s inhibitions

A

drunk

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10
Q

barbiturate with a half-life of ~10 hours, still available but was once more widely used to control tonic-clonic seizures which is why it was/remains a classic inducer of CYP3A4

A

phenobarbital

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11
Q

produced by neurons in the lateral walls of the hypothalamus, this peptide neurotransmitter stimulates several other nuclei to promote wakefulness

A

orexin

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12
Q

a separate category in DSM-5 previously included under anxiety, characterized by recurring thoughts that lead to repetitive behaviors, now treated with +/- CBT, +/- SSRI

A

OCD

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13
Q

DSM-5 anxiety disorder characterized by fear of situations that might be embarrassing or from which escape might be difficult (e.g. using public transportation, being in open spaces, enclosed spaces, standing in line, being away from home)

A

agoraphobia

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14
Q

class of insomnia drugs well tolerated by some with others experiencing a scary body paralysis phase as they are falling asleep

A

DORA

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15
Q

seen with the lowest doses of sedative-hypnotic drugs

A

anxiolysis

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16
Q

diazepam is better at relaxing this than other benzodiazepines

A

skeletal muscle

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17
Q

barbiturate with a half-life of 3-8 hours, was once widely used as a sedative-hypnotic in the clinic, veterinary medicine, and lab animal research

A

pentobarbital

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18
Q

refers to those rare occurrences in which benzodiazepines of barbiturates cause hyperactivity, rage, hostility, etc.

A

paradoxical

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19
Q

aspect of GABA-A Cl- channel opening that is enhanced by benzodiazepines

A

frequency

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20
Q

example of respiratory reflex activity that can be increased by barbiturates

A

hiccough

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21
Q

sedative-hypnotic drug class that proceeds from anxiolysis, sedation, hypnosis and anesthesia to medullary depression, coma (and death) when benzodiazepine monotherapy plateaus at anesthesia

A

barbiturates

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22
Q

for benzodiazepines, often due to a parent drug with active metabolites that have long half-lives

A

cumulative toxicity

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23
Q

form of dependence that is not common among people during prolonged use of benzodiazepines but that does occur with prolonged barbiturate use

A

physiological

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24
Q

long-time reason for use of short-acting benzodiazepines and Z-drugs, now being displaced more by other choices

A

insomnia

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25
Q

gender in which anxiety is more prevalent

A

females

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26
Q

characterizes the onset of beneficial effects of benzodiazepines relative to SSRI, consider the impact that this has on drug choice for a given purpose

A

rapid

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27
Q

form of amnesia associated with administration of some benzodiazepines (e.g. temazepam, triazolam)

A

anterograde

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28
Q

even though no longer widely used clinically, barbiturates are still frequently used for this in the US

A

suicide

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29
Q

usually the preferred starting therapy for treating an anxiety-related mental health disorder

A

CBT

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30
Q

non-benzodiazepine BZ1 agonist, was first agent approved for long-term use (e.g. 6 months vs 2-3 weeks) since no tolerance or dependence… but dependence is now a concern as it is with zolpidem

A

eszopiclone

31
Q

GABA-A is a type of these that responds to a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

A

receptor operated channel

32
Q

doing this while sleeping is among the manifestations of the complex sleep disorders associated with some sleep aids (Z-drugs, DORA)

A

driving

33
Q

depraved people have taken advantage of drugs such as flunitrazepam to cause others to forget this

A

rape

34
Q

a neurotransmitter commanding general states of consciousness and metabolism, it is released by neurons originating in the tuberomamillary nucleus in the posterior third of the hypothalamus

A

histamine

35
Q

widely used to treat insomnia, it has formulations for immediate release and for returning to sleep after waking up in the middle of the night

A

zolpidem

36
Q

buspirone does not do this to the sedation caused by alcohol or other CNS depressants

A

augment

37
Q

inability to initiate and/or maintain this is widespread among the population

A

sleep

38
Q

quickly became top selling psychiatric drug after brought to market and held onto the position for almost 20 yrs, continues to have specific indications in medicine

A

diazepam

39
Q

drug class that causes sedation without relieving anxiety

A

antihistamines

40
Q

our prototypical DORA (dual orexin receptor antagonist)

A

suvorexant

41
Q

receptors stimulated by ramelteon

A

melatonin

42
Q

aspect of GABA-A Cl- channel opening that is enhanced by barbiturates

A

duration

43
Q

____ tranquilizers was a phrase that referred to sedative-hypnotic drugs

A

minor

44
Q

refers to a drug-induced state of drowsiness/depressed consciousness resembling natural sleep with decreased motor activity and sensory responsiveness from which a person is easily aroused

A

hypnosis

45
Q

time required for onset of beneficial effects of SSRIs and buspirone when treating anxiety

A

weeks

46
Q

population that is particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of benzodiazepines

A

elderly

47
Q

high solubility in this is why benzodiazepines can readily enter the brain, placenta, and breast milk

A

lipids

48
Q

characteristic of benzodiazepines that seem to work better when treating benzodiazepine use disorder

A

long acting

49
Q

type of sleep lost when barbituates are used which is then made up when these drugs are discontinued?

A

REM

50
Q

anxiolytic with unknown mechanism of action thought to be
due in part to its effects on 5-HT receptors, works but
generally not as well as SSRI and has same slow onset of
beneficial effects

A

buspirone

51
Q

known to occur more frequently when pregnant women use benzodiazepines

A

birth defects

52
Q

abuse classification for benzodiazepines

A

schedule IV

53
Q

drug induced state of unconsciousness from which a patient cannot be aroused

A

anesthesia

54
Q

benzodiazepam used for preoperative sedation because its acid is highly water soluble for iV or IM administration but is highly lipid soluble once injected and quickly enters the brain to exert its effects

A

midazolam

55
Q

early benzodiazepam used for insomnia, the amnesia it causes was used in a murder defense

A

triazolam

56
Q

acute treatment of these is a labeled indication of diazepam

A

seizures

57
Q

diazepam has an important role of providing symptomatic relief during this

A

alcohol withdrawal

58
Q

happens to cell membranes when the receptor operated chloride channels open in response to GABA stimulation

A

hyperpolarized

59
Q

observed in 25% of cases when anxiety is treated with a benzodiazepine

A

no response

60
Q

a history of this is reason to avoid using benzodiazepines for the treatment of anxiety

A

substance use disorder

61
Q

time when an insomnia drug like zolpidem is considered safe to use unlike temazepam which causes some characteristic adverse effects

A

pregnancy

62
Q

considered first line therapy for those having trouble falling asleep

A

ramelteon

63
Q

characteristic of barbituates in comparison to benzodiazepines, reason they are schedule II

A

highly addictive

64
Q

form of dependence that along with tolerance develops with benzodiazepines

A

psychological

65
Q

unlike benzodiazepines, barbituates lack this

A

antidote

66
Q

aspect of sleep for which dora and doxepin remain early choices in those with insomnia

A

maintenance

67
Q

was the top psychiatric drug in 2017; used to treat generalized anxiety and related disorders, its ranking has fallen markedly over last few years, as mental health prescribers rely more CBT and SSRIs for management of anxiety, also known for its antidepressant and antipanic properties relative to other benzodiazepines

A

alprazolam

68
Q

diazepam is used off-label to treat this form of intoxication

A

sympathomimetic

69
Q

major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, it activates receptor subtypes for which muscimol and baclofen are agonists

A

GABA

70
Q

benzodiazepine still widely used to treat insomnia but no longer recommended

A

tempazepam

71
Q

high potency benzodiazepine known for its rapid onset of action and longer half-life when compared to alprazolam

A

clonazepam

72
Q

+/- dose conversion that is a key component of successful treatment for benzodiazepine use disorder

A

tapering

73
Q

also a side effect of many drugs that are not CNS depressants it refers to a drug induced state of relaxation and calmness having reduced motor activity without a loss of consciousness

A

sedation

74
Q

H1 blocker that also inhibits NE and 5-HT reuptake, used for sleep maintenance

A

doxepin

NMSP Exam III (5 decks)

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