WK8: The Brain and The Mind Flashcards
If you touch a hot stove, your spinal cord can prompt you to withdraw your hand without having to send the message all the way to the brain. This is due to what scientists call
a. the reflex arc.
b. neuroplasticity.
c. the parasympathetic nervous system.
d. the sympathetic nervous system
a. the reflex arc.
What is the process whereby the structure and function of brain
cells change in response to trauma, damage, or even learning?
a. shallow lesioning
b. deep lesioning
c. cell regeneration
d. neuroplasticity
d. neuroplasticity
The neurons of the sensory pathway contain
a. efferent neurons.
b. afferent neurons.
c. both efferent and afferent neurons.
d. voluntary muscle fibers.
b. afferent neurons.
Yvonne’s ability to reach for and pick up her book is largely due to the functions of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ pathway of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ nervous system. a. sensory; somatic b. motor; somatic c. autonomic; peripheral d. parasympathetic; autonomic
b. motor; somatic
Which of the following would be active if you have just had an automobile accident?
a. sympathetic division
b. parasympathetic division
c. somatic division
d. motor division
a. sympathetic division
Which part of the neuron carries messages to other cells?
a. axon
b. dendrite
c. soma
d. myelin
a. axon
Which one of the following is NOT a function of glial cells?
a. getting nutrients to the neurons
b. generating action potentials
c. cleaning up the remains of dead neurons
d. generating myelin
b. generating action potentials
When a neuron’s resting potential is occurring, the neuron is ________ charged on the inside.
a. positively
b. negatively
c. both positively and negatively
d. neutrally
b. negatively
Neurotransmitters must pass from an axon terminal to the next dendrite by crossing a fluid-filled space called the
a. synapse.
b. reuptake inhibitor.
c. neuron.
d. glial cell
a. synapse.
The venom of a black widow spider acts as a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ by mimicking the effects of acetylcholine. a. agonist b. antagonist c. protagonist d. glial cell
a. agonist
Which of the following is associated with pain relief?
a. acetylcholine
b. glutamate
c. serotonin
d. endorphins
d. endorphins
Your friend Melissa has suffered from diabetes for her entire life. She
regularly tests her blood to make sure her sugar levels are not too high or low. Which gland in her endocrine system is responsible for
regulating her blood sugar?
a. pancreas
b. thyroid
c. pituitary
d. adrenal
a. pancreas
Andrew has always been thin. In fact, he often seems to be able to eat whatever he wants without gaining weight. The doctor told his parents that Andrew’s \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ gland is the cause of his fast metabolism. a. pituitary b. adrenal c. thyroid d. pancreas
c. thyroid
Although oxytocin has been tied to a variety of prosocial behaviors
such as “love” and “trust,” some researchers believe that in humans,
it may actually work to increase __________.
a. heart rate and empathy
b. the importance of some social stimuli
c. negative pair bonding
d. social loafing
b. the importance of some social stimuli
Which gland(s) have the greatest influence over other components of the endocrine system?
a. gonads
b. pineal
c. pituitary
d. pancreas
c. pituitary
Which of the following techniques involves passing a mild current through the brain to activate certain structures without
damaging them
a. electroconvulsive tomography (ECT)
b. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
c. deep brain lesioning
d. electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB)
d. electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB)
Which of the following techniques analyzes blood oxygen levels to look at the functioning of the brain? a. EEG b. CT c. fMRI d. PET
d. PET
Dr. Roll is conducting a research study. She wants to measure the
physical connectivity in the research participants’ brains by imaging their white matter. Which of the following methods will she use?
a. diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
b. MRI spectroscopy
c. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
d. computed tomography (CT)
a. diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
If you were suffering from neurological problems and your neurologist wanted to have a study done of your brain and its electrical functioning, which of the following techniques would be most appropriate?
a. PTI
b. EEG
c. PET
d. DTI
b. EEG
Which brain structure allows us to pay attention to certain stimuli while ignoring others? a. medulla b. cerebellum c. reticular formation d. pons
c. reticular formation
Which brain structure relays incoming sensory information?
a. thalamus
b. hypothalamus
c. reticular formation
d. pons
a. thalamus
If you were to develop a rare condition in which you were not able to remember to be afraid of certain situations, animals, or events, which part of the brain would most likely be damaged?
a. cingulate cortex
b. hypothalamus
c. thalamus
d. amygdala
d. amygdala
What part of the brain can sometimes be referred to as the “rind” or outer covering?
a. thalamus
b. medulla
c. corpus callosum
d. cortex
d. cortex
In which of the following lobes of the cortex would you find the primary visual cortex? a. frontal b. temporal c. occipital d. parietal
c. occipital
You have a dream in which you wake up to find that people around you are using words that make no sense. What’s more, your friends don’t seem to understand you when you speak. At one point in your dream, your mom tells you that you almost forgot your tree limb today. When you give her a puzzled look, she holds up your lunchbox and repeats, “You know, your tree limb.” Your predicament in
your dream is most like which of the following disorders?
a. Wernicke’s aphasia
b. Broca’s aphasia
c. apraxia
d. spatial neglect
a. Wernicke’s aphasia
Which of the following produce myelin for the neurons in the brain and spinal cord? a. Oligodendrocytes b. Schwann cells c. Glial cells d. Dendrites
a. Oligodendrocytes
In which disease is the myelin sheath destroyed by the individual’s own immune system?
a. Autism spectrum disorder
b. Major depressive disorder
c. Schizophrenia
d. Multiple sclerosis
d. Multiple sclerosis
In which disease is the myelin sheath destroyed by the individual’s own immune system?
a. Autism spectrum disorder
b. Major depressive disorder
c. Schizophrenia
d. Multiple sclerosis
d. Multiple sclerosis
What type of ion concentration exists inside a neuron that is at rest?
a. Positively charged sodium ions and negatively charged chloride ions
b. Positively charged potassium ions and positively charged protein ions
c. Positively charged potassium ions and negatively charged protein ions
d. Negatively charged sodium ions and negatively charged chloride ions
c. Positively charged potassium ions and negatively charged protein ions
What is the fluid-filled gap between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of the next neuron called? a. Receptor sites b. Synapse c. Synaptic vesicles d. Neurotransmitters
b. Synapse
Which neurotransmitter has possible links with Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia? a. Serotonin b. Acetylcholine c. Dopamine d. Glutamate
c. Dopamine
The neurons that carry messages from the spinal cord to the muscles and glands are known as a. efferent neurons. b. afferent neurons. c. interneurons. d. sensory neurons
a. efferent neurons.
While out for a walk, you come across a ferocious dog. You feel your heart beat faster and your palms begin to sweat. Which part
of the peripheral nervous system is activated in this situation?
a. Autonomic
b. Sympathetic
c. Parasympathetic
d. Somatic
b. Sympathetic
Which hormone is known to be associated with the treatment of
psychiatric disorders where social behavior is impacted?
a. Oxytocin
b. Vasopressin
c. Melatonin
d. Thyroxin
a. Oxytocin
Karen has been going through a stressful time ever since she lost
her husband. The doctor has advised to get her cortisol levels checked. Which gland is responsible for the production of cortisol?
a. Thyroid
b. Pineal
c. Adrenal
d. Pancreas
c. Adrenal
Brian is diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease. As part of his treatment,
neurosurgeons place electrodes inside the thalamus. The electrodes are further connected to an impulse generator planted
under his collarbone that sends impulses to the electrodes. What technique is Brian being subjected to?
a. EEG technique
b. PET technique
c. Deep brain stimulation
d. Transcranial magnetic stimulation
c. Deep brain stimulation
Which neuroimaging technique for studying the structure and function of the brain uses a series of X-rays?
a. Magnetic resonance imaging
b. Computed tomography
c. Positron emission tomography
d. Electroencephalogram
b. Computed tomography
Which part of the brain is responsible for basic human functions like breathing, the heartbeat, and swallowing?
a. Medulla
b. Pons
c. Reticular activating system
d. Cerebellum
a. Medulla
A six-year-old has been diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder. Which part of the brain is likely to be associated with
this condition?
a. Reticular activating system
b. Cerebrum
c. Pons
d. Medulla
a. Reticular activating system
Which part of your brain is active when you get cues about being hungry, thirsty, or sleepy?
a. Hippocampus
b. Thalamus
c. Hypothalamus
d. Amygdala
c. Hypothalamus
While taking an exam, you are paying selective attention to the
instructions given by your professor. You are also consciously involved in recognizing the words written on the question paper.
Which part of your limbic system is responsible for these cognitive
processes?
a. Amygdala
b. Hippocampus
c. Hypothalamus
d. Cingulate cortex
d. Cingulate cortex
Michaela had a fall in the bathroom and suffered injuries on the side of her head, behind the temples. Test results indicate that she has
suffered a severe injury to her temporal lobe. Which of her senses
are likely to be affected by this?
a. Vision
b. Hearing
c. Taste and smell
d. Touch
b. Hearing
Roger has suffered a major brain injury. As a result, he is unable to speak fluently, tends to mispronounce words, and speaks haltingly. For instance, he says “wat” instead of “watch” and “tot” instead of “talk.” What is the diagnosis? a. Visual agnosia b. Spatial neglect c. Broca’s aphasia d. Wernicke’s aphasia
c. Broca’s aphasia
You come across a person at the airport who is reading the instruction board for his flight details. Although these are clearly mentioned on the right side of the board, he is unable to locate it even after you point at it. This could be a case of
a. spatial neglect.
b. Broca’s aphasia.
c. visual agnosia.
d. Wernicke’s aphasia.
a. spatial neglect.
Which of the following is a correct pairing of hemisphere and
function?
a. Right; control of left-handed motor functions
b. Left; control of left-handed motor functions
c. Left; recognition of faces
d. Right; reading
a. Right; control of left-handed motor functions
what is the difference between biological perspective and biological psychology?
perspective: focuses on the links between biology and behaviour
psychology: is a branhc of neuroscience that examines the biological bases of psychological processes, behaviour and learning
what does the nervous system do?
- gathers and processes information
- produces responses to stimuli
- coordinates operations of different cells
what comprises the CNS and what are their functions?
central nervous system has:
- brain: interprets and stores info and sends orders to muscles, glands and organs
- spinal cord: pathway connecting the brain and the PNS
what makes up the PNS?
- autonomic nervous system
- somatic nervous system
what does the autonomic nervous system do?
controls internal organs, glands, and blood vessels functioning
what makes up the ANS?
- sympathetic nervous sytem
- parasympathetic nervous system
what does the somatic nervous system do?
control body’s skeletal muscles, comprises of sensory input and motor output
what are the building blocks of the nervous systems?
- neurons/nerve cells: transmit info to, from, within CNS
- glia/glia cells: hold neurons together, nourish, insulate, protect them
functions of each structure of the neuron?
- dendrites: receive information from other neurons and transmit it to the cell body
- soma: keeps entire cell alive and determines whether it will fire
- axon: transmits messages to other neurons, muscles or gland cells
- axon terminals: terminal branches of axon
- myelin sheath: helps speed the neural impulse
what happens when there is myelin sheath degeneration?
multiple sclerosis as the communication to muscles is slowed down and there is a loss of muscle control.
how do neurons communicate?
- within a neuron (electrical process), action potential: info is pushed through the axon based on a process of +ve and -ve charges of ions
- between neurons (chemical process), neurotransmitters: released by transmitting neuron at the synapse. alters activity of receiving neuron
- reuptake: reabsorbing excess neurotransmitters by sending neuron
functions of the different neurotransmitters?
- dopamine: movement, learning, attention, pleasure
- serotonin: mood, appetite, sleep, anxiety
- acetylcholine: muscle action, learning, memory
- norepinephrine: alertness, arousal
- gaba-aminobutyric acid (GABA): sleep, inhibits movement
- endorphins: pain relief
what happens if each neurotransmitter malfunctions?
- dopamine: too much leads to schizophrenia. too little leads to parkinson’s, depression.
- serotonin: too little leads to depression, sleep and eating disorders.
- acetylcholine: too much leads to muscle contraction, convulsions. too little leads to alzheimer’s
- norepinephrine: too much leads to stress and panic disorder. too little leads to depression.
- gaba-aminobutyric acid (GABA): too little leads to seizures, tremors, insomnia
- endorphins: too much leads to insensitivity to pain. too little leads to pain hypersensitivity and immune problems
example of a long distance messenger?
hormones (secreted by endocrine glands e.g. pancreas, ovaries, testes, adrenal glands)
does neurotransmitters or hormones act faster?
neurotransmitters (fraction of a second).
