WK8: The Brain and The Mind Flashcards
If you touch a hot stove, your spinal cord can prompt you to withdraw your hand without having to send the message all the way to the brain. This is due to what scientists call
a. the reflex arc.
b. neuroplasticity.
c. the parasympathetic nervous system.
d. the sympathetic nervous system
a. the reflex arc.
What is the process whereby the structure and function of brain
cells change in response to trauma, damage, or even learning?
a. shallow lesioning
b. deep lesioning
c. cell regeneration
d. neuroplasticity
d. neuroplasticity
The neurons of the sensory pathway contain
a. efferent neurons.
b. afferent neurons.
c. both efferent and afferent neurons.
d. voluntary muscle fibers.
b. afferent neurons.
Yvonne’s ability to reach for and pick up her book is largely due to the functions of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ pathway of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ nervous system. a. sensory; somatic b. motor; somatic c. autonomic; peripheral d. parasympathetic; autonomic
b. motor; somatic
Which of the following would be active if you have just had an automobile accident?
a. sympathetic division
b. parasympathetic division
c. somatic division
d. motor division
a. sympathetic division
Which part of the neuron carries messages to other cells?
a. axon
b. dendrite
c. soma
d. myelin
a. axon
Which one of the following is NOT a function of glial cells?
a. getting nutrients to the neurons
b. generating action potentials
c. cleaning up the remains of dead neurons
d. generating myelin
b. generating action potentials
When a neuron’s resting potential is occurring, the neuron is ________ charged on the inside.
a. positively
b. negatively
c. both positively and negatively
d. neutrally
b. negatively
Neurotransmitters must pass from an axon terminal to the next dendrite by crossing a fluid-filled space called the
a. synapse.
b. reuptake inhibitor.
c. neuron.
d. glial cell
a. synapse.
The venom of a black widow spider acts as a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ by mimicking the effects of acetylcholine. a. agonist b. antagonist c. protagonist d. glial cell
a. agonist
Which of the following is associated with pain relief?
a. acetylcholine
b. glutamate
c. serotonin
d. endorphins
d. endorphins
Your friend Melissa has suffered from diabetes for her entire life. She
regularly tests her blood to make sure her sugar levels are not too high or low. Which gland in her endocrine system is responsible for
regulating her blood sugar?
a. pancreas
b. thyroid
c. pituitary
d. adrenal
a. pancreas
Andrew has always been thin. In fact, he often seems to be able to eat whatever he wants without gaining weight. The doctor told his parents that Andrew’s \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ gland is the cause of his fast metabolism. a. pituitary b. adrenal c. thyroid d. pancreas
c. thyroid
Although oxytocin has been tied to a variety of prosocial behaviors
such as “love” and “trust,” some researchers believe that in humans,
it may actually work to increase __________.
a. heart rate and empathy
b. the importance of some social stimuli
c. negative pair bonding
d. social loafing
b. the importance of some social stimuli
Which gland(s) have the greatest influence over other components of the endocrine system?
a. gonads
b. pineal
c. pituitary
d. pancreas
c. pituitary
Which of the following techniques involves passing a mild current through the brain to activate certain structures without
damaging them
a. electroconvulsive tomography (ECT)
b. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
c. deep brain lesioning
d. electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB)
d. electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB)
Which of the following techniques analyzes blood oxygen levels to look at the functioning of the brain? a. EEG b. CT c. fMRI d. PET
d. PET
Dr. Roll is conducting a research study. She wants to measure the
physical connectivity in the research participants’ brains by imaging their white matter. Which of the following methods will she use?
a. diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
b. MRI spectroscopy
c. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
d. computed tomography (CT)
a. diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
If you were suffering from neurological problems and your neurologist wanted to have a study done of your brain and its electrical functioning, which of the following techniques would be most appropriate?
a. PTI
b. EEG
c. PET
d. DTI
b. EEG
Which brain structure allows us to pay attention to certain stimuli while ignoring others? a. medulla b. cerebellum c. reticular formation d. pons
c. reticular formation
Which brain structure relays incoming sensory information?
a. thalamus
b. hypothalamus
c. reticular formation
d. pons
a. thalamus
If you were to develop a rare condition in which you were not able to remember to be afraid of certain situations, animals, or events, which part of the brain would most likely be damaged?
a. cingulate cortex
b. hypothalamus
c. thalamus
d. amygdala
d. amygdala
What part of the brain can sometimes be referred to as the “rind” or outer covering?
a. thalamus
b. medulla
c. corpus callosum
d. cortex
d. cortex
In which of the following lobes of the cortex would you find the primary visual cortex? a. frontal b. temporal c. occipital d. parietal
c. occipital
You have a dream in which you wake up to find that people around you are using words that make no sense. What’s more, your friends don’t seem to understand you when you speak. At one point in your dream, your mom tells you that you almost forgot your tree limb today. When you give her a puzzled look, she holds up your lunchbox and repeats, “You know, your tree limb.” Your predicament in
your dream is most like which of the following disorders?
a. Wernicke’s aphasia
b. Broca’s aphasia
c. apraxia
d. spatial neglect
a. Wernicke’s aphasia
Which of the following produce myelin for the neurons in the brain and spinal cord? a. Oligodendrocytes b. Schwann cells c. Glial cells d. Dendrites
a. Oligodendrocytes
In which disease is the myelin sheath destroyed by the individual’s own immune system?
a. Autism spectrum disorder
b. Major depressive disorder
c. Schizophrenia
d. Multiple sclerosis
d. Multiple sclerosis
In which disease is the myelin sheath destroyed by the individual’s own immune system?
a. Autism spectrum disorder
b. Major depressive disorder
c. Schizophrenia
d. Multiple sclerosis
d. Multiple sclerosis
What type of ion concentration exists inside a neuron that is at rest?
a. Positively charged sodium ions and negatively charged chloride ions
b. Positively charged potassium ions and positively charged protein ions
c. Positively charged potassium ions and negatively charged protein ions
d. Negatively charged sodium ions and negatively charged chloride ions
c. Positively charged potassium ions and negatively charged protein ions
What is the fluid-filled gap between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of the next neuron called? a. Receptor sites b. Synapse c. Synaptic vesicles d. Neurotransmitters
b. Synapse
Which neurotransmitter has possible links with Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia? a. Serotonin b. Acetylcholine c. Dopamine d. Glutamate
c. Dopamine
The neurons that carry messages from the spinal cord to the muscles and glands are known as a. efferent neurons. b. afferent neurons. c. interneurons. d. sensory neurons
a. efferent neurons.
While out for a walk, you come across a ferocious dog. You feel your heart beat faster and your palms begin to sweat. Which part
of the peripheral nervous system is activated in this situation?
a. Autonomic
b. Sympathetic
c. Parasympathetic
d. Somatic
b. Sympathetic
Which hormone is known to be associated with the treatment of
psychiatric disorders where social behavior is impacted?
a. Oxytocin
b. Vasopressin
c. Melatonin
d. Thyroxin
a. Oxytocin
Karen has been going through a stressful time ever since she lost
her husband. The doctor has advised to get her cortisol levels checked. Which gland is responsible for the production of cortisol?
a. Thyroid
b. Pineal
c. Adrenal
d. Pancreas
c. Adrenal
Brian is diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease. As part of his treatment,
neurosurgeons place electrodes inside the thalamus. The electrodes are further connected to an impulse generator planted
under his collarbone that sends impulses to the electrodes. What technique is Brian being subjected to?
a. EEG technique
b. PET technique
c. Deep brain stimulation
d. Transcranial magnetic stimulation
c. Deep brain stimulation
Which neuroimaging technique for studying the structure and function of the brain uses a series of X-rays?
a. Magnetic resonance imaging
b. Computed tomography
c. Positron emission tomography
d. Electroencephalogram
b. Computed tomography
Which part of the brain is responsible for basic human functions like breathing, the heartbeat, and swallowing?
a. Medulla
b. Pons
c. Reticular activating system
d. Cerebellum
a. Medulla
A six-year-old has been diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder. Which part of the brain is likely to be associated with
this condition?
a. Reticular activating system
b. Cerebrum
c. Pons
d. Medulla
a. Reticular activating system
Which part of your brain is active when you get cues about being hungry, thirsty, or sleepy?
a. Hippocampus
b. Thalamus
c. Hypothalamus
d. Amygdala
c. Hypothalamus
While taking an exam, you are paying selective attention to the
instructions given by your professor. You are also consciously involved in recognizing the words written on the question paper.
Which part of your limbic system is responsible for these cognitive
processes?
a. Amygdala
b. Hippocampus
c. Hypothalamus
d. Cingulate cortex
d. Cingulate cortex
Michaela had a fall in the bathroom and suffered injuries on the side of her head, behind the temples. Test results indicate that she has
suffered a severe injury to her temporal lobe. Which of her senses
are likely to be affected by this?
a. Vision
b. Hearing
c. Taste and smell
d. Touch
b. Hearing
Roger has suffered a major brain injury. As a result, he is unable to speak fluently, tends to mispronounce words, and speaks haltingly. For instance, he says “wat” instead of “watch” and “tot” instead of “talk.” What is the diagnosis? a. Visual agnosia b. Spatial neglect c. Broca’s aphasia d. Wernicke’s aphasia
c. Broca’s aphasia
You come across a person at the airport who is reading the instruction board for his flight details. Although these are clearly mentioned on the right side of the board, he is unable to locate it even after you point at it. This could be a case of
a. spatial neglect.
b. Broca’s aphasia.
c. visual agnosia.
d. Wernicke’s aphasia.
a. spatial neglect.
Which of the following is a correct pairing of hemisphere and
function?
a. Right; control of left-handed motor functions
b. Left; control of left-handed motor functions
c. Left; recognition of faces
d. Right; reading
a. Right; control of left-handed motor functions
what is the difference between biological perspective and biological psychology?
perspective: focuses on the links between biology and behaviour
psychology: is a branhc of neuroscience that examines the biological bases of psychological processes, behaviour and learning
what does the nervous system do?
- gathers and processes information
- produces responses to stimuli
- coordinates operations of different cells
what comprises the CNS and what are their functions?
central nervous system has:
- brain: interprets and stores info and sends orders to muscles, glands and organs
- spinal cord: pathway connecting the brain and the PNS
what makes up the PNS?
- autonomic nervous system
- somatic nervous system
what does the autonomic nervous system do?
controls internal organs, glands, and blood vessels functioning
what makes up the ANS?
- sympathetic nervous sytem
- parasympathetic nervous system
what does the somatic nervous system do?
control body’s skeletal muscles, comprises of sensory input and motor output
what are the building blocks of the nervous systems?
- neurons/nerve cells: transmit info to, from, within CNS
- glia/glia cells: hold neurons together, nourish, insulate, protect them
functions of each structure of the neuron?
- dendrites: receive information from other neurons and transmit it to the cell body
- soma: keeps entire cell alive and determines whether it will fire
- axon: transmits messages to other neurons, muscles or gland cells
- axon terminals: terminal branches of axon
- myelin sheath: helps speed the neural impulse
what happens when there is myelin sheath degeneration?
multiple sclerosis as the communication to muscles is slowed down and there is a loss of muscle control.
how do neurons communicate?
- within a neuron (electrical process), action potential: info is pushed through the axon based on a process of +ve and -ve charges of ions
- between neurons (chemical process), neurotransmitters: released by transmitting neuron at the synapse. alters activity of receiving neuron
- reuptake: reabsorbing excess neurotransmitters by sending neuron
functions of the different neurotransmitters?
- dopamine: movement, learning, attention, pleasure
- serotonin: mood, appetite, sleep, anxiety
- acetylcholine: muscle action, learning, memory
- norepinephrine: alertness, arousal
- gaba-aminobutyric acid (GABA): sleep, inhibits movement
- endorphins: pain relief
what happens if each neurotransmitter malfunctions?
- dopamine: too much leads to schizophrenia. too little leads to parkinson’s, depression.
- serotonin: too little leads to depression, sleep and eating disorders.
- acetylcholine: too much leads to muscle contraction, convulsions. too little leads to alzheimer’s
- norepinephrine: too much leads to stress and panic disorder. too little leads to depression.
- gaba-aminobutyric acid (GABA): too little leads to seizures, tremors, insomnia
- endorphins: too much leads to insensitivity to pain. too little leads to pain hypersensitivity and immune problems
example of a long distance messenger?
hormones (secreted by endocrine glands e.g. pancreas, ovaries, testes, adrenal glands)
does neurotransmitters or hormones act faster?
neurotransmitters (fraction of a second).
what are the different endocrine glands that produce hormones?
- pituitary gland: growth hormone, antidiuretic, gonadotrophins
- pineal gland: melatonin
- thyroid gland: thyroxin
- pancreas: insulin and glucagon
- gonads: testosterone (testes), estrogen, progesterone
- adrenal glands: corticoids, steroids, adrenaline
location of the different hormone glands?
- pituitary gland: brain
- pineal gland: base of cerebrum
- thyroid gland: neck
- pancreas: left upper quadrant
- gonads: ovaries and testes
- adrenal glands: top of each kidney
how are lesions in the brain destroyed?
lesioning studies. electrical current via electrode destroys the target neurons
define brain stimulation. what kinds of brain stimulation are there?
electrical stimulation to disrupt/enhance brain areas. study changes in behaviour and cognition.
- deep brain stimulation (DBS): stimulating from inside to treat parkinson’s, seizures, chronic pain
- transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS): stimulating from outside with magnetic impulses to treat ptsd, depression
what is done to map the structure of the brain?
- ct scan (slices)
- mri (detailed and 3D)
what is done to map the function of the brain?
- electroencephalogram: amplified wave recording of electrical activity sweeping across brain surface.
- positron emission tomography (PET): visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while brain performs task
- functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI): track changes in blood oxygen levels in brain
what are the functions of the structure of the brain?
- hindbrain (brain stem, reticular formation, cerebellum): maintains life
- midbrain: connects hindbrain and forebrain, sensory and motor functions
- forebrain (cerebrum, limbic system): higher functioning
which part of the brain influences sleep, waking and dreams?
pons in the brain stem which is located in the hindbrain
where is the medulla located and what does it do?
brainstem of the hindbrain. it controls heartbeat and breathing
what does the reticular formation do?
controls arousal and attention
if a person’s balance is inherent poor, which part of the brain is affected?
cerebellum of hindbrain
what is the limbic system in charge of?
emotions, motivation, memory, learning
what makes up the cerebrum?
- cerebral hemispheres
- cerebral cortex
what makes up the limbic system and what are the functions?
- thalamus: brain’s sensory control centre; receives information from all senses (except smell) and routes it to higher brain regions responsible for vision, hearing, touch & taste
- hypothalamus: regulates survival needs (thirst, hunger, sleeping, body temperature) & emotions (controls pituitary gland-hormones)
- hippocampus: forming long-term memories
- amygdala: arousal and regulation of emotion; initial response to sensory information (fear)
- cingulate cortex: limbic structure found in cortex; influences emotional & cognitive processing
what are the different lobes in the cerebral cortex and their functions?
- frontal: complex decision-making, planning, memory, personality and social judgement. Includes motor cortex & Broca’s area (speech production)
- temporal: hearing (primary auditory cortex; auditory association cortex); Wernicke’s area (meaning of words)
- parietal: receives sensory input for touch & body position (somatosensory cortex)
- occipital: receive visual information (primary visual cortex; visual association cortex)
how do the two hemispheres of the brain communicate?
corpus callosum
define lateralization
specialization of each hemisphere in particular operations
what does the left hemisphere specialize in?
- controls R hand
- spoken language
- written language
- math calculations
- logical thought processes
- detail analysis
- reading
what does the right hemisphere specialize in?
- controls L hand
- nonverbal
- visual-spatial perception
- music and artistic processing
- emotional thought and reocgnition
- processes the whole
- pattern recognition
- facial recognition
define plasticity
brain’s ability to adapt to new circumstances
define cognitive neuroscience
interdisciplinary study of brain activity linked with mental processes. it relates specific brain sites to conscious experiences.
how does the brain process?
- dual processing: info is simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks
- parallel processing: processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously
which part of the brain controls sleep?
suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus. it’s a biological clock that responds to light and dark changes and regults hormones and neurotransmitter levels.
which two hormones are affected in sleep?
- melatonin: more when dark, less when bright.
- serotonin: more when awake, less when asleep
what are the two sleeping periods?
- rapid eye movement (REM): still relatively active
- non rapid eye movement (Non-REM): deeper, restful state
stages of sleep?
N1: light sleep, in and out of consciousness
N2: decreased body temp and HR, shallow breathing. won’t wake from minor noises
N3, N4: breathing and HR decrease, muscles relax, deep sleep, hard to wake. sleepwalking and sleep disorders occur.
REM: brain active, body inactive (paradoxical sleep)
what are the theories of sleep?
- adaptive: product of evolution. avoid predators by sleeping when predators are most active.
- restorative: replenish chemicals and repair cell damage
functions of sleep?
- protects our body
- recuperate by restoring immune system and repairing brain tissue
- restore and rebuild fading memories of day’s experiences
- feeds creative thinking and learning boost
- supports growth. in deep sleep, GH is released from pituitary gland for muscle development
short term effects of sleep deprivation?
one night: decreased concentration, attention, mental flexbility, creativity
few nights: mental, emotional, physical consequences
long term effects of sleep deprivation?
cognitive: hallucinations, delusions
emotional: mood disorders
physiological: risk for DM and heart disease
what an example of rem behaviour disorder?
sleepwalking
common sleep disorders?
- insomnia
- sleep apnea: breathing stops >10s = choking/gasping
- narcolepsy: daytime attacks of sleepiness/sleep (5-30min)
- night terrors during N3 sleep, high arousal and being terrified, seldom remembered
- REM behaviour disorder: sleepwalking
what are psychoactive drugs?
substances that alter perception, mood, thinking, memory, behaviour by altering body biochemistry
examples of stimulants (psychoactive drugs)
- amphetamine (meth)
- cocaine
- nicotine
- coffee
examples of depressants (psychoactive drugs)
- barbiturates
- benzodiazepines
- alcohol
- opiates/narcotics
examples of hallucinogens (psychoactive drugs)
- LSD
- PCP
- MDMA (ecstasy)
- marijuana (non-manufactured)
describe the physiology of drug effects
- alters neurotransmitter levels in the brain
- a lot & frequently used: damage neurons in brain which impairs learning and memory
- heavy use can lead to tolerance
- cessation causes severe withdrawal
define sensation and perception.
- sensation: sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment
- perception: organising and interpreting sensory information
how are sensations measured?
- psychophysics: study rs between physical characteristics of stimuli and their effects on psychological experiences
- absolute thresholds: min stimulus energy to detect a stimulus 50% of the time
- difference thresholds: min diff between two stimuli needed to detect 50% of the time
- signal detection theory: detecting sensory signal comprises sensory process and decision process
how are sensory adjustments made?
- habituation: tendency of brain to stop attending to constant, unchanging info to focus on what matters
- sensory adaptation: diminished sensitivity of sensory receptor cells to unchanging or constant stimulus
- sensory deprivation: absence of normal levels of sensory stimulation
- sensory overload: selective attention manages it. may deprive of needed info
what are the perceptual properties of light?
- hue
- brightness
- saturation
where are the visual receptors located?
retina.. they send signals to ganglion cells and ultimately to optic nerve
what are the perceptual properties of sound?
- frequency
- volume
- timbre
what makes up the outer, middle, inner ear?
outer: eardrum, canal
middle: hammer, anvil, stirrup
inner: cochlea
where are the hearing receptors located?
cilia in basilar membrane of organ of corti, interior side of cochlea
define gustation
sensation of taste
where are the gustation receptors located?
taste buds in walls of papillae (bumps) on tongue
where are olfactory receptor cells located?
tiny patch of mucous membrane in upper part of nasal passage, below eyes
what receives information from olfactory receptor cells?
olfactory bulbs - areas of brain just above sinus cavity and below frontal lobes
what are somesthetic senses?
body senses
- skin: touch, pressure, temp, pain
- kinesthetic: movement and position in space
- vestibular: movement, balance, body position
where are the receptors of the somesthetic senses located in?
- skin sense: skin
- kinesthetic sense: muscles, tendons, joints
- vestibular sense: vestibular organs in ear
________ involves the detection of physical stimuli from our environment
and is made possible by the activation of specific receptor
cells.
a. Perception
b. Sublimation
c. Adaptation
d. Sensation
d. Sensation
The lowest level of stimulation that a person can consciously detect 50 percent of the time the stimulation is present is called
a. absolute threshold.
b. just noticeable difference.
c. sensation.
d. sensory adaptation.
a. absolute threshold.
After being in class for a while, ______ is a likely explanation for not hearing the sound of the lights buzzing above you until someone says something about it.
a. accommodation
b. adaptation
c. sublimation
d. habituation
d. habituation
You are drinking a strong cup of coffee that is particularly bitter.
After a while, the coffee doesn’t taste as strong as it did when you
first tasted it. What has happened?
a. sensory adaptation
b. subliminal perception
c. habituation
d. perceptual defense
a. sensory adaptation
Which of the following is largely determined by the length of a light wave?
a. color
b. brightness
c. saturation
d. duration
a. color
Aside from the lens, damage to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ can affect the eye’s ability to focus light. a. iris b. cornea c. pupil d. retina
b. cornea
In farsightedness, also known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, the focal point is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the retina. a. presbyopia; above b. myopia; below c. hyperopia; beyond d. presbyopia; in front of
c. hyperopia; beyond
Colleen stares at a fixed spot in her bedroom using only one eye. After a while, what might happen to her vision?
a. Any small object that crosses her visual field very slowly may at one point disappear.
b. Any object that she focuses on will begin to rotate, first clockwise, then counterclockwise.
c. Objects will become more focused the longer she looks at them.
d. Objects will become more distorted the longer she looks at them
a. Any small object that crosses her visual field very slowly may at one point disappear.
What are the three primary colors as proposed by the trichromatic theory? a. red, yellow, blue b. red, green, blue c. white, black, brown d. white, black, red
b. red, green, blue
Which of the following best explains afterimages?
a. trichromatic theory
b. opponent-process theory
c. color-deficient vision
d. monochrome color blindness
b. opponent-process theory
The part of the ear that can be seen is also called the
a. pinna.
b. oval window.
c. organ of Corti.
d. cochlea.
a. pinna
The oval window is found in what part of the ear?
a. outer ear
b. middle ear
c. inner ear
d. The oval window is not a structure of the ear.
c. inner ear
Which theory cannot adequately account for pitches above 1,000 Hz?
a. place
b. frequency
c. volley
d. adaptive
b. frequency
Yoshi has suffered minor damage to the bones in his left middle ear.
What treatment, if any, might help restore his hearing?
a. a hearing aid
b. a cochlear implant
c. Both a hearing aid and a cochlear implant will be needed.
d. Such damage is permanent and cannot be remedied.
a. a hearing aid
Which is the most common type of permanent hearing loss?
a. psychological hearing loss
b. conductive hearing loss
c. frequency-based hearing loss
d. sensorineural hearing loss
d. sensorineural hearing loss
Taste is often called a _______ sense because it works with the molecules of foods that people eat.
a. physical
b. psychological
c. chemical
d. electrical
c. chemical
Research has found that taste information is sent to the
a. pons and medulla.
b. suprachiasmatic nucleus.
c. cerebellum and parietal lobe.
d. insula and frontal operculum.
d. insula and frontal operculum.
How often are olfactory receptors replaced by new olfactory receptors?
a. every 12–24 hours
b. every 2–3 days c. every 30 days
d. every 5–8 weeks
d. every 5–8 weeks
Olfactory receptors project directly to the _____ and are
unique in that signals do not first connect to the thalamus.
a. occipital lobe
b. olfactory bulbs
c. hypothalamus
d. gustatory cortex
b. olfactory bulbs
__________ are tactile receptors that are located just beneath the skin and respond to changes in pressure.
a. Oligodendrocytes
b. Free nerve endings
c. Tactile interneurons
d. Pacinian corpuscles
d. Pacinian corpuscles
In gate-control theory, substance P
a. opens the spinal gates for pain.
b. closes the spinal gates for pain.
c. is unrelated to pain.
d. is similar in function to endorphins.
a. opens the spinal gates for pain.
When you close your eyes and raise your hand above your head, you know where your hand is due to information from
a. your otolith organs.
b. the horizontal canals.
c. your proprioceptors.
d. the semicircular canals.
c. your proprioceptors.
Motion sickness often results from conflicting signals sent from the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and from the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. a. eyes; vestibular organs b. brain; internal organs c. conscious; unconscious d. extremities; brain
a. eyes; vestibular organs
A just noticeable difference is the smallest difference between two stimuli that is detectable a. 30 percent of the time. b. 70 percent of the time. c. 50 percent of the time. d. 20 percent of the time.
c. 50 percent of the time.
The process where a stimulus activates the sensory receptors without the person being consciously aware of it is
a. subliminal perception.
b. absolute threshold.
c. differential threshold.
d. just noticeable difference
a. subliminal perception.
It is possible for us to focus on objects that are close and far away because the lens changes its shape from thick to thin. This is due to
a. dichromatic vision.
b. rods and cones.
c. visual accommodation.
d. bipolar cells.
c. visual accommodation.
Alex can see objects that are close very clearly; however, he has
trouble seeing objects that are far away. What is his condition known as?
a. Hyperopia
b. Myopia
c. Presbyopia
d. Visuopia
b. Myopia
Which visual receptor cells are responsible for non-color sensitivity and see only in black, white, and shades of grey?
a. Rods
b. Cones
c. Bipolar cells
d. Ganglion cells
a. Rods
The visible external part of the ear that filters the sound waves from the outside traveling inside the ear is called
a. Hammer
b. Anvil
c. Stirrup
d. Pinna
d. Pinna
A 75-year-old man has been diagnosed with nerve hearing impairment and his condition does not seem to improve with ordinary
hearing aids. What would be the best treatment option for him?
a. Correction of the pinna with surgery
b. Using a device called a cochlear implant
c. There is no treatment
d. Treating an infection in the bones of the middle ear
b. Using a device called a cochlear implant
The taste receptor that detects a brothy taste in foods like chicken
soup and soy and cheese products are associated with which taste?
a. Salty
b. Umami
c. Oleogustus
d. Sour
b. Umami
Which receptors found beneath the skin respond only to the sensation of pressure? a. Free nerve endings b. Meissner’s corpuscle c. Pacinian corpuscle d. Ruffini ending
c. Pacinian corpuscle
After a road accident, Sean’s right leg had to be amputated. Several
months after the surgery, Sean still feels pain in the missing leg. What is this condition called?
a. Congenital analgesia
b. Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis
c. Phantom limb pain
d. Maladaptive neuroplasticity
c. Phantom limb pain
The awareness of our body parts and their positioning in space is called
a. vestibular sense.
b. proprioception.
c. kinesthesia.
d. spatial perception.
b. proprioception.
Roger has been feeling nauseous due to prolonged travel and irregular movements. What can he do to overcome motion sickness? a. Focus on a distant point or object b. Stretch and contract his muscles c. Move his head forward and backward d. Spin around and stop
a. Focus on a distant point or object
The tendency to see a book as a rectangle no matter from which angle the book is being read is
a. brightness constancy.
b. size constancy.
c. shape constancy.
d. perceptual constancy
c. shape constancy.
It is your first day in college and you see students wearing either of
two different colored shirts. You automatically group them as two different teams based on this. What gestalt principle of grouping
did you use?
a. Proximity
b. Closure
c. Similarity
d. Continuity
c. Similarity
While traveling by train, you look far ahead from the window and
observe that the tracks that are parallel seem to merge together in the distance. This is an example of which monocular cue?
a. Relative size
b. Overlap
c. Linear perspective
d. Aerial perspective
c. Linear perspective
When a stationary light appears to move in a darkened room due to the absence of cues to indicate that the light is not moving, it is an example of
a. stroboscopic motion.
b. autokinetic effect.
c. phi phenomenon.
d. microsaccades.
b. autokinetic effect.
Mary is traveling overseas for the first time. She has no previous
experience to rely upon to help her with the situation. She is likely
to make use of
a. top-down processing.
b. perceptual expectancy.
c. perceptual set.
d. bottom-up processing
d. bottom-up processing
A student has to write a report on the effects of air pollution. He
starts by considering all the knowledge he has on this subject and
how aware he is about this issue. This is an example of
a. metacognition.
b. enigma.
c. top-down processing.
d. cognitive convergence.
c. top-down processing.
