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Fall 2023- Physical Agents > WK5- Electrotherapy > Flashcards

WK5- Electrotherapy Flashcards

1
Q

What is polarity ?

A

when one end of a battery for example has a negative charge and the other end lacks a negative charge

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2
Q

What are the two poles called and what are their charges?

A

Cathode: negatively charged
Anode: positively charged

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3
Q

Define the term: Voltage

A

force of attraction or repulsion created by an electrical field, represents potential energy. A greater force will produce greater potential energy. The force itself is termed voltage and represents the driving force that moves electrons.

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4
Q

What are some conductors and insulators that are present in the human body?

A

conductors: water/body fluids, nerve and muscle tissue

insulators: fat

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5
Q

Define the term current (I) and the unit used to measure it.

A

movement of ions electrons in response to voltage force

measured in amps or A, miliamperes (mA)-thousandths of an ampere, microcurrent= <1mA

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6
Q

What does Ohm’s law state ?

A

I=V/R

more resistance to current, the less current there will be

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7
Q

Define the term capacitance.

A

when a current flows in an insulated area with high resistance it will slow and charges will start to store in the area where it is slowed, this is impedance.

Resistance to flow of alternating current

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8
Q

What body tissues will have higher resistance and impede electrical stimulation transmission ?

A

skin, hair, fascia, ligament, callus, fat, bone, tendon, scar

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9
Q

What are the different kind of currents ?

A

Direct Current (DC)

Alternating Current (AC)

Pulsed Current (PC)

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10
Q

Explain direct current (DC)

A

continuous unidirectional flow of electrons for at least 1 second.

can be interrupted, reversed, or both

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11
Q

Explain alternating current (AC)

A

uninterrupted bidirectional flow of electrons, must change direction at least once per second

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12
Q

Define the term frequency in relation to AC

A

rate AC current changes direction, measured in Hz or cycles per second

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13
Q

True or False. AC current must change direction at least one time per second. If it does not, then it is DC current.

A

True

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14
Q

Explain pulsed current (PC)

A

unidirectional or bidirectional flow of electrons that periodically ceases for a short time period, the interphase/interpusle interval, before the next event or pulse.

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15
Q

Describe how duty cycle works in terms of pulsed current.

A

ontime/total timex100=duty cycle

similar to US duty cycle

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16
Q

How does ramping amplitude help the patient.

A

Increases patient comfort to electrotherapy

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17
Q

Describe the electrochemical effects of electrotherapy on the body.

A

At the anode (+) negative ions will accumulate which may lead formation of HCl which could create hardened sclerotic skin

At the cathode (-) positive ions will attract Na+ which will lead to the formation of NaOH which results in a sclerolytic area which may lead to skin softening.

AAA-anode attracts acid

CAB-cathode attracts base

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18
Q

What are the electrothermal effects of electrotherapy on the body?

A

As charged particles flow through a conductor, friction occurs as they meet resistance and produce kinetic energy which produces heat

therefore it is important to ensure contact between electrode and skin, shave shair, remove oils and lotions and avoid callused skin or scars

typically redness fades within hours after treatment

19
Q

What are the electrophysical effects of electrotherapy

A

Can have sensory, motor, or noxious responses

20
Q

Describe the sensory reaction to electrotherapy

A

sensory perception is the first thing affected by electrotherapy

patient should feel pins and needles

stimulation of A-beta sensory fibers in the superficial dermis

21
Q

Describe the motor reaction to electrotherapy

A

increasing stimulus from sensory reaction leads to motor response by stimulation of A-alpha fibers to depolarize, may appear as a muscle twitch

22
Q

Describe the noxious reaction to electrotherapy

A

increasing stimulus from motor reactions to electrical stimulation leads to stimulation of pain receptors through A-delta fibers and C fibers are excited and elicit noxious sensation.

23
Q

What is the strength duration curve

A

gives the strength and duration curves for stimulation of physiological responses from the body

24
Q

Define the following type of current: Russian current ( burst modulation)

A

Varitation of AC used for strengthening muscles

• Medium frequency AC with carrier frequency of 2500Hz and a burst frequency of 50 bursts/sec
• Delivered in 10-ms long bursts with 50 bursts per sec, with a 10-ms interburst interval between bursts.
• Typical Russian stimulation is 10:50 for on:off time

25
Q

Define the following type of current: HVPC

A

continous, reciprocating, or surge; monophasic

used for pain modulation, tissue repair, wound healing

26
Q

Define the following type of current: IFC

A

quadripolar or bipolar setups available on most devices

used primarily for pain modulation

27
Q

Define the following type of current: Low intensity DC

A

does not stimulate sensory/motor fibers

used for tissue repair, wound healing

28
Q

Define the following type of current: Symmetrical/Assymmetrical biphasic PC

A

used for muscle stimulation, pain modulation

29
Q

What’s the difference between constant voltage and constant current ?

A

constant voltage: voltage force driving the current stays constant and current intensity changes; current is modulated depending on type of tissue

constant current: maintain a constant flow of current by modulating voltage

30
Q

What are the common uses for electrical stimulation ?

A

activation of skeletal muslce
decrease or alleviate pain
improve blood flow
decrease or control edema
facilitate tissue healing

31
Q

What are the contraindications for ES?

A

over the trunk or heart region of a patient with demand type pacemakers, or implantable cardioveter defribrillators

the pelvic, abdominal, lumbar or hip regions in pregnant women

carotid bodies

patients with phrenic nerve or urinary bladder stimulators

areas of known PVD, including arterial or venous thrombosis or thrombophlebitis

the phrenic nerves, eyes or gonads

areas of active osteomyelitis

areas of hemmorhage

32
Q

What are the precautions for usage of ES ?

A

patients without intact sensation
impaired cognition
cardiac dysfunction

over neoplasms

areas of compromised skin

tissues vulnerable hematoma or hemorrhage

Do not use ES within 5 yards of diathermy or other electromagnetic radiation

33
Q

Define iontophoresis:

A

Technique using current to drive ions of charged medication across the skin to a target tissue

34
Q

Give the polarity of the following medication: Dexamethasone

A

negative

35
Q

Give the polarity of the following medication: Acetic Acid

A

negative

36
Q

Give the polarity of the following medication: Iodine

A

negative

37
Q

Give the polarity of the following medication: Lidocaine

A

positive

38
Q

Give the polarity of the following medication: calcium chloride

A

positive

39
Q

Give the polarity of the following medication: magnesium sulfate

A

positive

40
Q

what is dexamethasone used for ?

A

inflammation

41
Q

what is acetic acid used for ?

A

calcific tendonitis

42
Q

What is lidocaine used for ?

A

soft tissue pain and inflammation

43
Q

What is calcium chloride used for ?

A

skeletal muscle spasms

44
Q
A

Fall 2023- Physical Agents (9 decks)

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