Wk.1 Macromolecules and Micronutrients

Question 1

7 major categories of nutrients

Answer 1

1. Macromolecules
2. Essential amino acids
3. Essential fatty acids
4. Dietary Fiber
5. Vitamins
6. Minerals
7. Water

Question 2

What are the 3 macronutrients?

Answer 2

Protein, Carbohydrates, Fats

Question 3

How many kcal/gram in carbs?

Answer 3

4 kcal/gram

Question 4

How many kcal/gram in proteins?

Answer 4

4 kcal/gram

Question 5

How many kcal/gram in fats?

Answer 5

9 kcal/gram

Question 6

How many kcal/gram in alcohol?

Answer 6

7 kcal/gram

Question 7

What are 2 essential fatty acids?

Answer 7

Omega 3 (anti-inflammatory effects, brain development, prevent cardiovascular disease)

Omega 6

Question 8

What are the functions of Omega fatty acids?

Answer 8

~membrane fluidity and synthesis of eicosanoids (signaling molecule)

~polyunsaturated fatty acids

Question 9

Define dietary fiber.

Answer 9

non-digestible carbohydrates and lignin (structure of cell wall in plants) found in plants

Question 10

Soluble fiber is converted to what?

Answer 10

Short-chain fatty acids

Question 11

What is the role of dietary fiber?

Answer 11

helps with intestinal health and function, promotes satiety, delays rate of glucose absorption, lower cholesterol and bile acid reabsorption

Question 12

Define healthy nutrition.

Answer 12

following an eating pattern that provides nutrients we need w/o excessive calories. lowers risk of chronic disease

Question 13

Define protein-energy malnutrition.

Answer 13

person does not consume enough protein and energy for metabolic needs.

Question 14

What are symptoms of protein-energy malnutrition?

Answer 14

depressed immune system; increased susceptibility to infection

Question 15

Define Marasmus

Answer 15

severe undernourishment causing wt. <60% of expected

Question 16

Define Kwashiorkor

Answer 16

severe protein malnutrition resulting in fluid retention and distended abdomen

Question 17

Kwashiorkor causes edema and fatty liver in kids, why?

Answer 17

caused by inability of liver to synthesize and secrete sufficient amounts of blood proteins –> decreased plasma albumin –> decrease capillary oncotic pressure and water moving into interstitial spaces

Question 18

Kwashiorkor causes what?

Answer 18

inability of liver to export triacylglycerols as VLDL –> fat accumulates in hepatocytes

Question 19

Define Cachexia

Answer 19

muscle wasting disorder in chronic diseases (cancer, renal, pulmonary diseases)

Question 20

What are the water soluble vitamins?

Answer 20

B vitamins, C

Question 21

Name of B1.

Answer 21

Thiamine

Question 22

Active form of B1.

Answer 22

Thiamine pyrophosphate

Question 23

Function of B1

Answer 23

coenzyme of several metabolic enzymes

~Examples: pyruvate dehydrogenase, a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, pentose phosphate pathway rxns, branched chain a-ketoacid oxidation)

Question 24

What are the two diseases of deficiency of B1?

Answer 24

1. Beriberi: peripheral neuropathy, edema, cardiomyopathy
2. Wernicke-Korsakoff: confusion, ataxia, memory loss (worse with EtOH)

Question 25

Name for B2

Answer 25

Riboflavin

Question 26

Active forms of B2

Answer 26

FMN, FAD

Question 27

Function of B2

Answer 27

Electron transfer, cofactor for some dehydrogenase enzyme

Question 28

B2 deficiency symptoms

Answer 28

dermatitis, angular cheilitis (red/swelling corners of mouth)