Wk 7 - Language/Memory Flashcards
Communication is…(x1)
And can involve… (x5)
Behaviours used by one member of a species that convey information to another… Turn-taking Intonation Gesture (body language) Eye gaze control Touch
Language is… (x2)
Communication system that has symbols (e.g. words) and rules for ways to assemble the symbols (e.g. grammar)
Uniquely human
Aphasia is…(x1)
Loss of language processing ability after brain damage
Aphasia is not…(x4)
Impairment of intellectual functioning
Psychiatric disturbance
Primary motor or sensory deficit
Developmental disorder
A method for testing for aphasia (x2)
Measuring spontaneous speech
Having Ps describe scene out loud (ours is beach, sandcastle etc)
Three underlying principles of classic aphasic syndromes
Localization of language processors (in left)
Language processors localized because of relationship to primary sensory/motor functions
Damage to single processor can produce multiple deficits
Broca’s aphasia is… (x2)
Due to lesion in… (x1)
Expressive aphasia
Impaired speech planning and production
Posterior portion of inferior frontal cortex
Wernicke’s aphasia is… (x2)
Due to lesion in… (x1)
Fluent, receptive aphasia
Impaired representation of sound structure of words
Posterior portion of superior temporal gyrus
Conduction aphasia is a.. (x3)
Due to lesion in…(x1)
Production aphasia
Disconnection syndrome
Separation of sound patterns and speech production mechansims
Arcuate fasciculus (white matter tract between Broca’s and Wernicke’s)
Transcortical sensory aphasia is… (x3)
Due to lesion in… (x1)
Like Wernicke’s, but slightly different
Disconnection syndrome
Disturbed activation of word meanings, despite normal recognition of auditorily presented words
White matter tracts connecting parietal and temporal lobe (WA)
Transcortical motor aphasia is…(x2)
Due to lesion in… (x2)
Disconnection syndrome
Separation of concept centre from motor/auditory language centres
Deep white matter tracts connecting Broca’s to parietal lobe
Adynamic aphasia is a type of… (x1)
Characterised by.. (x2)
Transcortical motor aphasia
More motor issue,
Disturbed response initiation
Frontal dynamic aphasia is a type of… (x1)
Characterised by… (x7)
Transcortical motor aphasia Normal language, Can name objects, Repeat terms, Read words, Use items appropriately; but Cannot use normal language at will to communicate - Too many options in mind, issue is selection
Symptoms of Broca’s aphasia… (x4)
Reduced speech production
May retain some use of nouns & verbs
Telegraphic speech: loss of pronouns, articles, conjunctions - function/joining words
Comprehension intact
Symptoms of Wernicke’s aphasia…(x5)
Reduced auditory comprehension
Fluent speech: normal rate, rhythm, intonation
Disturbances of sounds, structures of words
Semantic paraphasias - wrong word, but from similar category
Poor repetition, naming
Symptoms of conduction aphasia… (x3)
Failure to repeat
Disrupted spontaneous speech
Paraphasias (phonemic) - errors sound like target word
Symptoms of transcortical motor aphasia…(x3)
Intact auditory comprehension
Good repetition
Severe disturbance in initiating responses
Symptoms of transcortical sensory aphasia… (x3)
Disturbed single word comprehension
Fluent grammatical speech
Good repetition
Describe Lichtheim’s 1885 House model of language comprehension/production
Primary sensory area links up to
Auditory area - auditory word forms, which has two-way links to
Concept centre at apex (also flows down to), and
Motor area - articulating speech, which links down to
Primary motor area
The five aphasias, described as per Lichtheim’s 1885 House Model
Broca’s is dysfunction in Motor area/speech articulation
Wernicke’s is dysfunction in Auditory area/word forms
Conduction aphasia is broken M-A connection
Transcortical sensory aphasia is broken A-Concept connection
Transcortical motor aphasia is broken C-M connection
Four limitations of classic view of aphasic syndrmes
Poor classification of patients - no patients are 100% one classic type
Lesion overlap/variability – eg those with Broca’s lesions don’t always have Broca’s aphasia, as in frontal dynamic
Little assistance for treatment planning - starting point for communicating among care providers, but not much treatment direction
Deficits etc don’t map nicely onto the model
Two syndromes that do not map neatly into classic aphasias (name and describe)
Primary progressive aphasia -atypical dementia where language is first deficit - losing uncommon words first
Semantic dementia is loss of conceptual understanding – can talk, operate objects but eg don’t know what breakfast is
Psycholinguistics does not view language in terms of… (x2)
But instead emphasises processing operations based on…(x3)
Production and comprehension
Phonology: sounds that compose language and the rules that govern their combination
Semantics: words and their meaning
Syntax: methods for combining words to convey propositional meaning
Two ways to represent sound in speech are…
Phonetic - how phonemes are produced in different contexts
Phonemic - small unit of sound that can signal meaning
Agrammatic aphasia is an issue of…(x1)
Meaning that… (x1)
And seen in… (x1)
Syntax - grammatical rules
Speech production and comprehension are impaired - but dissociable deficits
Broca’s but not Wernicke’s patients
Psycholinguistics views Broca’s aphasia as.. (x1)
As shown by… (x3)
Difficulty with syntactic production
Few function words (e.g., verbs) are produced
Content words preserved (telegraphic speech)
Evident in spontaneous speech, repetition and writing.
Psycholinguistics holds that… (x1)
And so lesions affecting semantic representations can lead to two problems…
Word meaning and form are represented separately
Intact semantic knowledge, impaired naming
Intact naming, impaired semantics (understanding)
Comparison of three elements of classical and psycholinguistic characterisation of aphasic deficits
Classical: Broca’s = poor speech production Wernicke’s = poor speech comprehension Dissociation = comprehension vs. production Psycholinguistic: Anterior = syntactic processing Posterior = semantic processing Dissociation = syntax vs. semantics
Alexia is…(x1)
With three subtypes…
Impairment in ability to read
Surface, phonological, deep
Agraphia is…(x1)
Impairment in ability to spell or write
Graphemes are… (x1)
The smallest written unit to convey meaning
The dual routes to reading (name and describe)
Plus outcome of route damage
Phonological route – convert letter strings to sounds = understand the meaning (grapheme-to-phoneme)
If damaged – phonological alexia
Direct route – printed words linked to meaning in a visual form, allowing the saying out loud (necessary for irregular words, eg “yacht”, “colonel”, “pint”)
If damaged – surface alexia (inability to map onto meaning)
Damage to both routes = deep dyslexia
Central dysgraphia is a subtype of.. (x1)
Characterised by…(x2)
Agraphia
Problems accessing word form info or applying phonological rules (dual reading route)
Peripheral dysgraphia is a subtype of…(x1)
Characterised by…(x2)
And common in… (x1)
Agraphia
Distortions in writing/typing (motor programs)
Problems with motor aspects rather than how word is spelt
Parkinson’s - micrographia
LTM consists of… (x2)
Declarative/explicit memory - info we’re conscious of, can share
Non-declarative/implicit - routines, procedures encoded to point of automaticity
Declarative/explicit memory consists of… (x2)
Events/episodic memory - personal experiences from particular time and place
Facts/semantic memory - world/object/language knowledge
Non-declarative/implicit memory consists of… (x4)
Procedural memory - motor and cognitive skills
Perceptual representation system - perceptual priming
Classical conditioning - conditioned responses between two stimuli
Non-associative learning - habituation, sensitization
Memory is divided into…
STM - sensory and working memories
LTM
Sensory memory…(x3)
Plus two pathways
Lasts only few milliseconds
‘Echo’ - can be retrieved if attempted fast enough
Info is processed, not necessarily retained
Iconic/visual (retina, V1)
Echoic/auditory (coclea, primary auditory cortex)
STM - capacity (x1) and domains (x2)
7, plus or minus 2, items
Auditory-verbal phonological loop
Visuospatial
Working memory is…(x2)
And can be tested by… (x1)
Temporary storage for info we’re working on/attending to - Ability to manipulate information in mind
Repeating number sets backwards – after a delay of doing the task forwards
• Usually one less than we can do forward
Classic methodology for testing declarative memory…
Which typically shows…(x1)
List-learning tasks
15 words, repeated 5 times, SAME ORDER
Ps repeats the list (A) after each time (rehearsal)
Distractor list B of new words given ONCE
Ps is asked to recall List B then the 1st List A
After delay ~20min, Ps asked to recall List A again, then asked to recognise words from larger list
Increasing learning curve
List learning tasks can show us which three retrieval effects?
Free recall is hardest type – no help
Cued recall – remind of eg categories to trigger recall
Recognition – just identify which words were on original list
Episodic memory is…(x2)
Declarative memory for specific event and the context in which it occurred.
What happened, where did it happen, etc
Semantic memory is… (x1)
Declarative memory for conceptually-based knowledge/facts about the world (people, places, objects, words)
Three contemporary theories of the structure of semantic memory
Distributed: models do not localise semantic memory to any particular structure
Distributed-plus-hub (or -plus-convergence zones): models propose key role for anterior temporal cortex in mediating abstract conceptual representations
Embodied cognition: Models propose meaning is represented in same sensory or motor structures responsible for perception and action (eg tennis = activation in arm region of brain)
Describe patient H.M
Bilateral medial temporal lobe resection at 29 y.o. to treat debilitating epilepsy
Hence demonstrated memory difficulties:
Reported his age as 27 ever after
Could not remember people minutes after meeting them
Could not form new long-term memories - massive anterograde amnesia
Biographical knowledge up to the time of the surgery was intact (1953)
According to Eichenbaum 2013, H.M generated five main findings on memory…
Memory is distinct psychological function,
Amnesia spares short-term and working memory,
Amnesia is impairment of declarative and episodic memory,
Hippocampus is a core brain structure supporting memory,
Hippocampus supports the permanent consolidation of memories
Anterograde amnesia is…(x2)
And is observed after damage to…(x4)
'Going forward' amnesia Inability to form new memories after damage occurred Hippocampus Hypothalamus Pre-tectum Esp thalamus
Retrograde amnesia is… (x2)
Loss of memories for events before brain damage
Really rare
Patient K.C had… (x6)
Severe anterograde AND retrograde amnesia after motorbike accident/surgery
Damage to medial temporal lobe (almost complete hippocampal loss), frontal, parietal and occipital cortices
IQ 94
Language normal
Good reasoning and concentration
No recall of personally experienced events, though could recall facts - could learn new info, but could not recall how he acquired it.
Procedural memory is… (x2)
Non-declarative
Ability to develop motor skills
Patient H/M showed intact procedural memory in study involving…(x3)
Providing evidence for… (x1)
Mirror tracing task – outline of eg star in mirror
Performance improved over 3 days - as measured by accuracy and response time
But could not remember performing the task
Dissociable memory systems
Perceptual priming is a component of…(x1)
And is tested by…(x2)
Patient H/M’s performance… (x1)
Non-declarative memory
Determining objects from diagrams of fragments of the outline (that get more complete in sequence, until Ps can ID)
Learning is that they’ll be able to ID object earlier in subsequent trials – ie with less information
Improved, despite inability to remember performing task
