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ID > WK 6- Viral and Parasitic infections of Skin and Soft Tissue > Flashcards

WK 6- Viral and Parasitic infections of Skin and Soft Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What tests are needed to confirm a measles diagnosis

A

blood for Measles Ig, urine & nasopharyngeal swab for Measles PCR

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2
Q

What symptoms are associated with measles

A

Blotchy, dark red rash appears starting on face, then spreads over entire body (24 to 48 hours)

  • Rash lasts ~6 days then fades but skin retains brownish colour for longer then →desquamation
  • rash is non as a morbilliform rash
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3
Q

What virus causes measles

A

paramyxovirus

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4
Q

What virus causes rubella

A

rubella virus (Togavirus, ssRNA genome- single stranded RNA)

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5
Q

What symptoms are associated with rubella

A
  • Clinical features generally mild & up to 50% cases asymptomatic→Transient, generalized, erythematous, maculopapular rash, lymphadenopathy+/- mild fever, mild polyarthritis
  • maculopapular rash begins on the face and spreads outwards- fading after 2-3 days
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6
Q

What is the pathogenesis of the rubella virus

A

virus enters via inhalation and infects cells of the respiratory trace→ will then spread to lymph nodes and into the blood→ will then spread to target organs

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7
Q

How can the rubella virus cause foetal abnormalities

A

infect foetus via maternal viraemia→ invasion of placenta→ foetal infection→ slowed growth rate of foetal cells and apoptosis induced by viral protein→ can cause issues such as deafness

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8
Q

What is required for a rubella diagnosis to be formed

A

serology (rubella IgM), Rubella PCR via throat swab

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9
Q

What virus causes Human Parvovirus B19

A

Parvoviridae, ssDNA genome

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10
Q

What are the symptoms associated with parvovirus

A
  • flushed red cheeks contrasting with pallor around mouth followed by lacelike rash on limbs→ the rash and arthropathy are mediated by immune complexes
  • can cause aplastic anaemia
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11
Q

What is the pathogenesis of parvovirus

A
  • primary infection of the upper resp tract→ has a high lytic activity in rapidly dividing cells (adult haemopoetic cells and foetal cells) → high viraemia for around 1 week
  • can cause foetal abnormalities/miscarriage
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12
Q

What is needed to confirm parvo

A

serologocial detection of specific IgM and parvovirus PCR

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13
Q

What are the symptoms of roseola infantum/exanthum subitum

A

Fever ~3-5 days, then rash may appear on body & spread to arms & legs, +/- Rash ~1-2 days

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14
Q

What virus causes roseola

A

human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6)

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15
Q

What happens to immunocompromised patients who contract roseola

A

seizures, encephalitis, pneumonia

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16
Q

What is required for a lab diagnosis of roseola to be made

A

Serology detection for HHV6 IgM

and PCR for HHV6 through CSF, serum, tissue, BM, eye specimens

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17
Q

What type of herpes does HSV1 cause

A

Oral herpes

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18
Q

What type of herpes does HSV2 cause

A

Genital herpes

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19
Q

Where do HSV2 vesicles present

A
  • Males: usually vesicles on penis

- Females: vesicles on labia, vulva &/or perineum→ can cause cervicitis

20
Q

Where do HSV1 vesicles appear

A

oropharyngeal (gingivostomatis on the mouth and gums),

21
Q

What is required for a lab diagnosis of herpes simplex to be made

A

characteristic presentation, or lab diagnsosis may be required if vesicles aren’t visible

  • Vesicle/lesion swab for HSV PCR (need a dry swab)→ serology is not useful due to it being present in mucous membranes, not blood
  • can test CSF
22
Q

What is shingles

A

(shingles)

  • reactivation of varicella that has been residing in ganglia→ lesions usually confined to the dermatome they were residing in
  • common in immunocompromised individuals
23
Q

What is required to test for varicella

A

: lesion swab for VZV PCR, blood for VZV IgM

24
Q

What is the tx for varicella

A

antivirals→ good for shingles to prevent post-herpetic neuralgia
-used to shorten the span of the infection

25
Q

What causes hand foot and mouth disease

A

Enteroviruses, especially Coxsackie viruses

26
Q

What are the symptoms of HFM disease

A

usually last 7-10 days, have vesicles on vesicles on palms, soles of feet and inside mouth, fever and sore throat

27
Q

What is required for lab diagnosis of hand, foot and mouth disease

A

vesicle swab for Enterovirus PCR- blood is not useful

28
Q

What virus causes molluscum contagiosum

A

Poxvirus

29
Q

What is the presentation of molluscum contagiosum

A

Often present on face/arms/legs in children and thighs/abdomen/genitals in adults, initially pimple like (smooth, round, pearly lumps)- usually resolve without scarring

  • mainly occur in children
  • can cause secondary infection if scratched
30
Q

What is required for a lab diagnosis of molluscum contagiosum

A

clinical presentation or laboratory- PCR (scab, skin, swab, fluid, aspirate

31
Q

What virus causes warts to develop

A

HPV

32
Q

How is HPV transmitted

A

via direct contact through abrasions or contact with mucous membranes

33
Q

What strain of HPV is most likely to cause genital warts

A

6 and 11

34
Q

What strain of HPV is most likely to cause cervical cancer

A

16 and 18

35
Q

What is the name of lice found on the human body

A

Pediculus humanus humanus

36
Q

What is the name of lice found on the head

A

Pediculus humanus capitus

37
Q

What is the name of lice found in pubic

A

Pthirus pubis

38
Q

What diseases can lice spread

A

can spread typhus, trench fever and louse-borne relasing fever
-rare in western countries but seen in places where climate, chronic poverty and social customs (war and social upheaval) prevent regular changes in laundering of clothing

39
Q

Where are the eggs of head lice found

A
  • close to the scalp

- head lice feed on human blood several times/day & live close to the human scalp

40
Q

What is the pathogenesis of scabies

A

Mites burrow into the upper layer of the skin & spend entire LC in & on the skin - live in skin and lay eggs in skin→ mites lay faeces in the burrowns, causing an allergic reaction and itching

41
Q

How is scabies transmitted

A

Direct, prolonged, skin-to-skin contact with a person who has scabies

  • Can spread rapidly under crowded conditions
  • animals do not spread human scabies
42
Q

What diseases can ticks carry

A

-Ticks may be vectors of rickettsioses, borrelioses & arboviruses

43
Q

What organism causes scrub typhus

-what transmits scrub typhus

A
  • transmitted by bite of larval mites

- organism= Orientia (rickettsia) tsutsugamushi.

44
Q

What are the 3 groups rickettsia can be classified into

A

spotted fever, typhus, and scrub typhus was initially based on serology

45
Q

What are the symptoms of scrub typhus and what is used for treatment

A

fever, headache, muscle aches, malaise, sometimes a dull red rash, eschar (ulcerated and become red with a central black scab→ dead black skin falling away from healthy skin)
-doxycycline to treat

ID (13 decks)

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