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Funds > wk 6 (nutrition, pee pee, fluids) -Cisco > Flashcards

wk 6 (nutrition, pee pee, fluids) -Cisco Flashcards

1
Q

what are 3 sources of energy, AKA “essential” “macronutrients”

A

carbs, fats, protein

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2
Q

anorexia means?

A

lack of appetite

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3
Q

what characteristics of the nails is important for assessing nutrition

A

spoon shaped (koilonychai), brittle, pale,ridged

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4
Q

ROME means?

A

Respiratory Opposite Metabolic Equal

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5
Q

the energy required to carry on involuntary activities of cells and tissue

A

Basal Metabolism

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6
Q

BMI of ___ indicates obesity (plus bodyweight 20% above ideal weight)
BMI of ___ indicates extreme obesity

A

30

40

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7
Q

BMI below ___ indicates being underweight

A

18.5

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8
Q

of the 3 essential nutrients, ____ is digested more easily, and provides 4 calories per gram.

A

carbohydrates

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9
Q

the __ stores glucose

A

liver

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10
Q

___ is required for the formation of all body structures.

A

protein

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11
Q

protein is broken down of ____ enzyme in the ___intestine and transported to the ___ .

A

pancreatic, small, liver

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12
Q

fats provide __ calories per gram

A

9

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13
Q

vitamins, minerals, water are ____ nutrients

A

regulatory

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14
Q

the body stores excess of the fat-soluble _____ in the liver and adipose tissue.

A

vitamins

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15
Q

phosphorus, sulfur, sodium, chloride, potassium, magnesium are considered

A

Macrominerals

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16
Q

do older adults have more or less ECF than younger adults?

A

less

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17
Q

normal water intake is ____ to _____

A

2200-3000

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18
Q

when are nutritional needs per unit of body weight greater than at any other time in the life cycle?

A

Infancy

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19
Q

older adults need more protein, vitamin B and calcium, but due to illness, limited income, isolation older adults are at risk for _____.

A

malnutrition

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20
Q

ginkgo biloba and aspirin may increase risk of ____ _____ during Sx

A

excessive bleeding

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21
Q

Economic factors, religion, Meaning of food, culture

A

factors affecting food choice

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22
Q

MNA

A

Mini Nutritional Assessment

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23
Q

anthropometric

A

measurements of the size and proportion of the human body

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24
Q

which test can assess protein status?

A

serum albumin, total lymphocytes count

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25
Q

____ levels indicate short-term nutritional status and are excellent markers for malnutrition.

A

prealbumin

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26
Q

low creatinine level: ____

A

malnutrition

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27
Q

normal hemoglobin: 12- __ g/dL (anemia)

A

18

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28
Q

hematocrit: __- 50% (low = anemia/ high = dehydration)

A

40%

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29
Q

serum albumin: 3.5 - __g/dL (decreased = malnutrition

A

5.5

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30
Q

prealbumin: __-43 mg/dL (decreased= anemia, low protein)

A

23

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31
Q

Blood urea nitrogen: 17-__mg/dL (increased= starvation, dehydration)

A

18

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32
Q

creatinine: __- 1.5 mg/dL ( decreased= low muscle mass/ increased= dehydration)

A

0.4

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33
Q

a pt receiving a clear liquid diet for breakfast followed by a nurse assessing a pts ability to ingest is consistent with orders to ___ ____?

A

advance diet

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34
Q 
the below are ways to \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_:
serve small and frequent portions
ensure plating is enticing
adequately schedule meds to not interfere with meals
encourage food oral hygiene
remove clutter
ensure pt is in a comfortable position
A

stimulate appetite

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35
Q

Diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance calls for what kind of diet?

A

consistent carb diet

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36
Q

chronic cholecystitis, cardiovascular disease calls for what kind of diet?

A

fat- restricted

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37
Q

constipated pts, diverticulosis calls for what kind of diet?

A

high fiber

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38
Q

crohns disease, before sx, ulcerative colitis, diverticulitis calls for what kind of diet?

A

low fiber

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39
Q

hypertension, heat failure, renal disease, liver disease calls for what kind of diet?

A

sodium-restricted

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40
Q

nephrotic syndrome, CKD, diabetic kidney disease calls for what kind of diet?

A

renal diet

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41
Q 
the following are reasons you would see an order for a pt to be _ _ _:
before sx to prevent aspiration
sever nasuea and vomitting
inability to chew or swallow
GI abnormalities
comatose
women in labor
A

NPO

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42
Q

pts that NPO for more than 2 days will need to receive _____ nutrition or _____ nutrition

A

enteral, parenteral

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43
Q

capnographs or colorimetric end-tidal detectors are used for

A

CO2 monitoring

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44
Q

in a prolonged state of comatose, a ____ or a____ are preferred to prevent aspiration

A

gastrostomy, jejunostomy

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45
Q

continuous feeding via enteral route creates the risk of ____ and ____

A

reflux, aspiration

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46
Q

regular intervals in equal portions, refers to _____ feeding

A

intermittent

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47
Q

continuous feeding administered for a portion of the day refers to _____ feeding

A

cyclical

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48
Q

when feeding enterally, bed should be positioned to how many degrees, during feedig and for an hour after?

A

30-45

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49
Q

drugs should administered through a feeding tube along with food how often?

A

never

50
Q 
steps below provide \_\_\_\_\_ for pts with NGT:
frequent oral hygiene
keep nares clean
provide analgesic throat lozenges
avoid tugging and tension of tube
A

comfort

51
Q

PN solutions administered via peripheral venous access sites are ___ concentrated and have ___ osmolarity

A

less, lower

52
Q

the body’s total blood volume passes through the ___ for waste remval every 30 mins

A

kidney

53
Q

the sympathetic system ___ pee

the parasympathetic system ___ pee

A

holds, goes

54
Q

micturition/voiding:

A

peeing

55
Q

meds, an enlarged prostate, vaginal prolapse may all be associated with

A

urinary retention

56
Q

foods high in salt: ___ urine

A

less

57
Q

alchol: ____ urine

A

more

58
Q

diaphoresis

A

profuse perspiration

59
Q

anuria

A

24 hr urine output of 50mL

60
Q

dysuria

A

painful pee

61
Q

Oliguria

A

24 hr output less than 400mL

62
Q

polyuria/diuresis

A

excessive pee

63
Q

pyuria

A

puss in pee

64
Q

measuring input and output is very important for indentifying alterations in ___ ___.

A

Fluid balance

65
Q

the presence of red/white blood cells, bacteria and dischage would lead to a ___ appearance to urine.

A

cloudy

66
Q

high protein diets lead to ____ urine

A

acidic

67
Q

dairy, legumes, veggies, citrus fruits lead to ____ urine

A

alkaline

68
Q

in case of incontinent pts, measuring output can be measured by weighing the ____ ____ or the _____.

A

absorbant pad, diapers

69
Q

the preferred method for obtaining a urine sample from a pt with a urinary diversion is to use a ___.

A

catheter

70
Q

blood, pus, albumin, glucose, ketone bodies, casts, gross bacteria, and bile are all _____ ______.

A

abnormal constituents

71
Q

____- 2400mL (8-10 8oz glasses) is the recommended fluid intake

A

2000

72
Q

A C&S is positive is it shows at least _____ organisms per mL of urine

A

100,000

73
Q

____ incontinence appears suddenly and lasts up to 6 months

A

transient incontinence

74
Q

____ incontinence is most related to spinal injury

A

functional incontinence

75
Q

a PVR of less than __ mL indicates adequate emptying

A

50 (100mL is bad)

76
Q

this catheter is for long-term conditions and is inserted surgically.

A

suprapubic catheter (better with infection that foleys)

77
Q

the asymptomatic condition in which bacteria are present in the urine is known as?

A

bacteriuria

78
Q

___-_____ catheters can increase erosion of the bladder nack and urethral mucosa, and can cause strictures

A

Large-size

79
Q

5F-8F sized catheters are used for _____ and _____

A

infants, children

80
Q

for catheter insertion, pt should be positioned in _____ recumbant, and be on a ____ flat surface

A

dorsal, hard (sims or lateral are alternate positions)

81
Q

_____inflated balloons (of indwelling catheters) can cause irritation and erosion to bladder’s mucosa

A

partially

82
Q

for males, before inserting tube into urethra lidocaine jelly is used to ___ and ____

A

numb, lubricate

83
Q

leg bags and catheter valves should be changed every - days

A

5-7

84
Q

how often should you irrigate a urologic stent?

A

never

85
Q

involves a machine that filters harmful waste, electrolytes, and fluid from blood.

A

Hemodialysis

86
Q

involves using blood vessels in the addominal lining to fill in for the kidneys, utilizes diffusion and osmosis.

A

Peritoneal dialysis

87
Q

in older adults, resistence found when inserting a catheter may be due to enlargement of the ___ gland

A

prostate (may require coudé catheter)

88
Q

what nutrient does the below?
Transport nutrients to cells and wastes from cells
Transport hormones, enzymes, blood platelets, and red and white blood
cells
Facilitate cellular metabolism and proper cellular chemical functioning
Act as a solvent for electrolytes and nonelectrolytes
Help maintain normal body temperature
Facilitate digestion and promote elimination
Act as a tissue lubricant

A

water

89
Q

water is what % of body weight in a healthy person?

A

50%-60%

90
Q

the more obese a person is, the smaller the person’s

percentage of total body ____ is when compared with body weight.

A

water

91
Q

the thirst mechanism is located where?

A

hypothalamus

92
Q

cations have ____ charge

cats are ____!

A

positive (sodium, potassium, calcium, hydrogen, and

magnesium)

93
Q

chloride, bicarbonate, and phosphate are the major ____ in body fluid.

A

anions

94
Q 
The total cations in the body are normally \_\_\_\_ to the total anions,
maintaining homeostasis (balanced state).
A

equal

95
Q

organs and body systems,

osmosis, diffusion, active transport, and capillary filtration, are all used to _______ _____.

A

regulate fluids (electrolyte balance)

96
Q

a process that requires energy for the movement of
substances through a cell membrane, against the concentration gradient,
from an area of lesser solute concentration to an area of higher solute
concentration.

A

active transport

97
Q

these pressures are important to process of fluids leaving arterioles, and entering interstitial compartments.

A

hydrostatic pressure and colliod osmotic pressure.

98
Q

normal blood is slightly alkaline and has a normal pH range of ___ to ____.

A

7.35 to 7.45 (7.4 being the optimal blood pH)

99
Q

_____ < 6.8pH - 7.8pH > _____

A

Death

100
Q

theses are ways ________ is ________ :
(1) chemical buffer systems, (2) respiratory
mechanisms, and (3) renal mechanisms.

A

homeostatis, regulated

101
Q

what the body’s 3 buffer systems?

A

(1) the carbonic
acid–sodium bicarbonate buffer system, (2) the phosphate buffer system,
and (3) the protein buffer system.

102
Q

As more CO2 is exhaled, the ____ level in the

blood decreases, and the pH of the blood becomes more alkaline

A

H2CO3 (carbonic acid)

103
Q

the ___ are

the primary controller of the body’s carbonic acid supply.

A

lungs

104
Q

a loss of both water and solutes in

the same proportion from the ECF space.

A

Hypovolemia

105
Q

a sodium deficit in ECF (serum

sodium <135 mEq/L) caused by a loss of sodium or a gain of water.

A

Hyponatremia

106
Q

a surplus of sodium in ECF (serum sodium

>145 mEq/L) caused by excess water loss or an overall excess of sodium

A

Hypernatremia

107
Q

Hypokalemia refers to a potassium deficit in ECF (serum

potassium

A

3.5

108
Q

_______ may result from renal failure,
hypoaldosteronism, or the use of certain medications such as potassium
chloride, heparin, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors,
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and potassium-sparing
diuretics.

A

hyperkalemia (>5mEq/L)

109
Q

8.9 mg/dL (4.5 mg/dL) - 10.1 mg/dL (5.1 mg/dL).

A

normal range for calcium

110
Q

a proportionate deficit

of bicarbonate in ECF.

A

Metabolic acidosis or nonrespiratory acidosis = low pH

111
Q

an excess of HCO3, a decrease in H+ ions, or both, in the ECF.

A

Metabolic alkalosis or nonrespiratory alkalosis = high pH

112
Q

a primary excess of carbonic acid in the ECF

A

respiratory acidosis (holding breath)

113
Q

a primary deficit of carbonic acid in the ECF

A

Respiratory alkalosis (hyperventilation)

114
Q

Increased ______values: found in severe fluid volume deficit and
shock

A

hematocrit

115
Q

when bicarbonate level more closely corresponds

with the pH, the primary cause of the problem is ______.

A

metabolic

116
Q

When ______ occurs, the PaCO2 and the HCO3− will always point
in the same direction.

A

compensation

117
Q

1.005 to 1.030 is normal range for what?

A

urine specific gravity

118
Q

IV
potassium is never administered via IV ____ and the infusion rate for IV
potassium chloride solutions requires careful monitoring

A

bolus

119
Q

_____ are helpful in treating patients with FVE, they increase the risk for fluid volume deficit and serious electrolyte
deficiencies.

A

Diuretics

120
Q

___ =7.35-7.45
___= 35-45
___= 22-26

A

pH
CO₂
HCO₃

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