WK. 5 (CH.8): Program Development & Research Flashcards
social work research
- Knowledge building for SW practice
- Compassionate, Problem-Solving
- Infused with SW values
What are ethics?
- Standards of conduct to ensure moral behavior
- Standards to determine proper and improper : right vs wrong
- Ethics are codes or guidelines that help resolve value conflicts
Research: Anonymous vs. Confidential
Anonymous: Researcher cant identify the individual with the information given
Confidential: Researcerh knows the individual but agrees to keep the information confidential
Why and how were ethic guidelines for research created?
-To avoid unethical harm to participants
Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1932)
- Medical researchers diagnosed African American males with syphilis BUT did not tell them
- Were told “Bad blood”
- In-Mid 1970’s clients were treated for syphilis
Tea Room Trade: Impersonal Sex in Public Places (1970)
- Study homosexuality acts in men
- Restrooms/ parks
- Researcher notes license plate; visited the men’s home; provided a survey with personal information
- Study know as “gross” invasion of privacy in the name of science
Belmont Principles (3)
- Respect for the person: treat ppl as humans; allow ppl to choose for themselves; obtain consent/ respect ppl privacy
- Beneficence: Minimize harm and maximize benefits
- Justice: treat ppl fairly; fair subject selection
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
- Make sure participants are protected in research studies
- Research study with humans, must obtain approval from the IRB
- 1970 IRB became widespread due to public concerns of ethics
- IRB protects the participants
Cultural Competent Research
-“Cultural Humility”
-Being aware of and appropriately responding to how cultural factors and differences influence…
What, How we investigate, and how we interpret the findings
Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)
-Practice model based on the scientific method and scientific evidence
- gather info to best apply
- Important part of decision making
STEPS of EBP = FLAIR
What does FLAIR stand for
HINT: COFFEE
F: Formulate L: Locate evidence A: Assess evidence I: Integrate best available evidence R: Review how things went
Time Dimension: Cross-sectional VS. Longitudinal
Cross-sectional: Studies based on observations that represent a single point in time (X) (1 time)
Longitudinal: Studies based on observation at different points in time ( .———. )
Paradigms
- A set of assumptions about the nature of reality
- To organize observations and make sense of them (Understanding life)
Theory
- Interrelated statements to explain aspects of like or how ppl conduct and find meaning in their life
- Helps us make sense of patterns
- Helps develop useful implications of patterns.
Induction VS Deduction
Induction: Qualitative
- begins with observed data
- Develops hypotheses to explain observations
Deduction: Quantitative #
- Begins with theory & ends with an observation
What is conceptualization?
how you identify the things you want to study
(How are they related?)
(Why do you want you to study them? )
What is a hypothesis?
A testable statement about how changes in one variable are expected to explain changes in another variable
Types of variables
HINT: 5
Independent Dependent Meadiating Moderating Control
Independent variable
variable that explains or causes something
-causes the dependent variable
Dependent variable
the outcome variable
Variable being caused
Mediating variable
the mechanism by which the independent variable can affect the dependent variable
Its in the middle between the independent variable an d dependent variable
Moderating variable
Can affect the strength or direction of the relationship between the independent and the dependent
Moderates the relationship
Control variable
other possible influences on your dependent variable that you decide to keep track of
Always kept the same
Levels of measurement- Nominal Data
Categories w/ NO order or direction
EX: Gender, hair color, type of car owned
Level of measurement- Ordinal Data
ranked-ordered
Order matters
EX: How do you feel today?
1. unhappy 2. ok 3. Very happy
Students letter grade
Levels of Measurement- Interval Data
ranked ordered with equal distance in between
There’s NO TRUE ZERO / NO TRUE BEGINNING
EX: temperature
Levels of measurement- Ratio Data
Has an absolute true ZERO that is meaningful
EX: what is your age? ; height
Reliability VS Validity
Reliability: Dependability, stability, consistency,
Can you get the same answers repeatedly?
Validity: How well a test measures what it’s supposed to measure
Key informants
Expects in the community that can speak about the community
Positives: -Quick, easy -Builds connections with community Negatives: -Information does not come directly from target population
Strengths and Weaknesses of Survey Research
Strengths:
- Describes characteristics of large population
- Makes large sample feasible
- Makes findings more generalizable
- Enables analysis of multiple variables
Weaknesses:
- Lack of context
- Inflexibility in design
- Artificiality
External Validity
The extent to which we can generalize the findings to settings and populations beyond the study conditions
Pros: if good it can be applied to other places or other ppl
Cons: It can apply to other fields; Generalized findings
Internal Validity
the extent to which causal inferences can be made about the intervention & the targeted behavior
“Can we say x caused y?”
For the conclusion to be valid the independent variable must be the only thing that causes the dependent variable
To have a good internal validity you must have a control group
Is there confidence in cause/effect?
Ethnography
Observation in the natural environment, focusing on detailed and accurate descriptions of the way people in a particular culture live and the way they interpret the meaning of things
Observing culture/behaviors
Phenomenology
By going directly to the phenomenon under study and observing it as completely as possible researches can develop a deeper understanding
Case studies
Idiographic examinations of a single individual, family, group, organization, community, or society
Quantitative Method
Numbers/ Data
The goal is to understand
Qualitative Method
Observations; Interviews
- time conmsuming
- smaller samples
Mixed method
Both Quantitative and Qualitative
Paradigms
Are a set of philosophical assumptions about the nature of reality
They organize our observations and make sense of them
What is a sample?
A subset of the population selected y either “probability” or “non-probably”
Probability Sampling
RANDOM- there is an equal chance of getting selected
Avoids bias
Simple random sampling
Systematic random sampling
Stratified random sampling
Mission statement
statement outlining the purpose guiding the practices of an organization
Goals
Broad general statement of what the program intends to accomplish
Objectives
Brief, clear statement that describes the desired outcome
Outcomes
Achieved results
Needs assessment
Process of asking?’s , comparing answers, making decisions about what to do to improve human conditions & performance
Systematic process for determining & addressing gaps between current & desired conditions
EX: examines strengths/ weaknesses
Perceived needs
what clients think about their needs w/ standards set y each client
Expressed needs
Defined by the # of clients who have sought help; taking action to address their problem
Relative needs
Concerned w/ equity, comparing needs of clients w/ goals of ranking them
Cost- benefit analysis
Determines financial cost of operating a program compared w/ fiscal benefits
Cost-benefit ratio
Determine whether the cost exceed the benefit
Cost-effective analysis
not measured in monetary terms
-Does not produce cost benefit ratio
Outcome assessment
Determining whether a program has achieved its intended goal
SOAP format
S: Subjective -report how CL is doing, feeling, experiences
O: Objective- current situation EX: failing school
A: Assessment - pull togehter objective & subjective- consequences
P: Plan- What will be done as a consequence of assessment
Function of research design
to ensure that the evidence or data collected enables the research questions to be answered
Research design will…
- Identify the problem
- review literature
- Specify hypotheses
- Describe data that will be necessary; How data will be obtained
- describe methods of analysis- hypotheses true or false?
Experimental research
Randomized experiment
- most rigorous
Quasi-experimental research
Uses intervention & comparison groups
-NOT random
Pre-experimental research
- Intervention groups ONLY
- Lack comparison/ control groups
- The weakest!!
Single subject research
Aims to determine whether an intervention has the intended impact on a CL or CL’s who form a group
- tends to have poor external validity. limiting the ability to generalize findings to a wider audience
- Common research pre & post/ single case study
Single Case Study (AB) What are the A and B
A- Baseline- behavior before treatment
B- Behavior after treatment; intervetion
Reversal research (ABA)
Baseline -A
Treatment -B
Baseline- A
Multiple baseline (ABAB)
A- Baseline
B- Intervention
A- Baseline
B- Intervention
Interrater or Interobserver Reliability
The degree to which different rates/ observers give consistent estimates of the same phenomenon
Test-retest reliability
Consistency of a measure from one time to another
Parallel forms reliability
Consistency of results of 2 tests constructed in the same way from the same content domain
Internal consistency reliability
Consistency of results across items within a test
Face validity
Whether the assessment “on their face” measures the constructs
Content Validity
Whether all of the relevant content domains are covered
Criterion-related validity
Whether constructs perform as anticipated in relation to other theoretical constructs
Mean
Median
Mode
Mean - average of the data
Median - middle #
Mode - most common #
Non- probability sampling
NOT random
Purposive Sampling
Convenience Sampling
Quota Sampling
Snowball Sampling
