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Critical Thinking > Wk 5-12 > Flashcards

Wk 5-12 Flashcards

1
Q

Empirical evidence

A

Scientific evidence provided by published peer review research.

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2
Q

Experimental evidence

A

The experimenter/researcher controls/manipulates the variable(s) under investigation.

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3
Q

Parsimony

A

A hypothesis/theory that explains the situation in the simplest and economical terms

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4
Q

Operationalisation of variables

A

How you measure the variable of interest such as aggression.

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5
Q

Falsifiability

A

A hypothesis where you state conditions, or tests, under which the belief could be tested and even possibly disproved.

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6
Q

Hypothesis

A

A testable explanation(s) of the relationship between two (or more) events or variables.

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7
Q

Generalisation

A

A form of inductive reasoning in which general statements are made about a target population based on observing a sample of that population.

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8
Q

Sample

A

A subset drawn from the population of interest to a study.

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9
Q

Population

A

All people of interest to a study.

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10
Q

Independent variable

A

Presumed cause in an experiment.

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11
Q

Dependent variable

A

Presumed effect in an experiment.

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12
Q

Correlation

A

The relationship between two or more variables arising from the scientific investigation of a testable hypothesis.

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13
Q

Causation

A

A causes B Where no other variable is involved.

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14
Q

Perceiving

A
  1. Selecting sensations to pay attention to
  2. Organising sensations into design/patterns
  3. Interpreting what the above pattern/event means
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15
Q

Believing

A

Interpretations, evaluations, conclusions or predictions about the world that we endorse to be true.

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16
Q

Inferences

A

Going beyond factual information to describe/predict what is currently known.

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17
Q

Judgements

A

Evaluating event(s)/individual(s) based on certain criteria/standard(s) that you believe.

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18
Q

Stage 1 Thinking

A

Individuals see the world in absolute terms of black and white/right or wrong as told to them by the authorities .

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19
Q

Stage 2 Thinking

A

All opinions are the same level as authorities who are fallible.

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20
Q

Stage 3 Thinking

A

Individuals with an open mind who accept perspectives that are supported by persuasive reasons and evidence.

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21
Q

Introspection

A

A form of self deception where an individual examines their own conscious thoughts and feelings.

22
Q

Placebo effect

A

If treatment and placebo group show comparable outcomes.

23
Q

Treatment effect

A

If treatment group shows a better outcome than placebo and Control group.

24
Q

Treatment group

A

A group of individuals who have been randomly selected to receive the treatment.

25
Q

Control group

A

A group do individuals who have been randomly selected to receive a placebo, or no treatment at all.

26
Q

Causal chain

A

Where one situation leads to another and another , where it is hard to define the real cause.

27
Q

Contributory causes

A

A number of simultaneous causes contribute to final effect

28
Q

Interactive causes

A

Variables may influence (and are influenced ) by other variables in a reciprocal fashion.

29
Q

Deontological reasoning

A

Moral reasoning from moral norms ( or universally accepted rules).

30
Q

Utilitarian reasoning

A

Moral reasoning based on the consequences of the situation.

31
Q

Virtue ethics

A

Moral reasoning based on upholding positive character traits.

32
Q

Social Intuitionist model

A

Moral reasoning based on automatic processes such as intuition.

33
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

Reasoning from specific observation to more generalised conclusions.

34
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

Reasoning from known general reasons to specific traits.

35
Q

Hasty generalisation

A

Making a general conclusion based in a small and non-representative sample.

36
Q

Sweeping generalisation

A

Making a general conclusion which is incorrect in a specific instance.

37
Q

False dilemma

A

Making a general conclusion by being forced to choose between two extreme examples only.

38
Q

Questionable cause

A

A causal fallacy where a causal relationship is attributed for which no real evidence exists.

39
Q

Misidentification of cause

A

A casual fallacy where it is difficult to establish what is the cause and what is the effect

40
Q

Post hoc ergo prompter hoc

A

A causal fallacy where one assumes that because two things occurred close in time to one another, the first event caused the second.

41
Q

Slippery slope

A

A casual fallacy where one action leads inevitably to a cascade of subsequent outcomes.

42
Q

Fallacies of relevance

A

Arguments the rely on factors that have little or nothing to do with the argument being made.

43
Q

Syllogisms

A

Argument form that consists of two supporting premises and a conclusion.

44
Q

Random sampling

A

Every member of the population has an equal chance of being chosen for the study.

45
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

A descriptive study that makes use of real-life situations, needing systematic observation.

46
Q

Double blind procedure

A

Bother participants and experimenter do not know which group receives the drug and who receives the placebo.

47
Q

Spontaneous remission

A

Some diseases/illnesses resolve on their own.

48
Q

Worried well

A

People who seek treatment when they are not ill and hence are “cured” but not of anything.

49
Q

Argument

A

Using thinking where certain statements or reasons are given to sport another statement or conclusion.

50
Q

Valid argument

A

Where the reasons offered support the conclusion that is made.

51
Q

Application of a general rule

A

A valid syllogism where Premise 1 makes a general claim about a certain class of people (A); Premise 2 states that an individual X is a member of A; Conclusion: Therefore, Premise 1 is true of individual X.

52
Q

Scientist-practitioner model

A

Represents the ethical responsibility of psychologists who are trained to critically evaluate empirical research in order to deliver scientifically proven interventions/strategies for their clients.

Critical Thinking (1 decks)

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