wk 4- lesser theories

Question 1

what is STJ axis location and equilibrium model

Answer 1

rotational equilibrium is dependent on the STJ axis location which can change

STJ pronation moment = STJ supination moment

Question 2

what is a moment

Answer 2

the turning effect produced by forces (muscle, ligaments etc) acting a distance away from an axis (joint)

Question 3

what are the 2 types of pathological foot types in ROTATIONAL EQUILIBRIUM THEORY

Answer 3

Medially deviated STJ axis = net increase in STJ pronation moments

Laterally deviated STJ axis = net increase in STJ supination moments

Question 4

what is the average STJ location of axis

Answer 4

42deg inclination from transverse plane
16deg medial deviation from the sagittal plane

Question 5

what are internal and external generated forces that occur

Answer 5

internal:
-ligamentous and tendon tensile forces
-joint compression forces

extenral:
-GRF
-orthosis and footwear reaction forces

Question 6

medial deviated STJ axis

Answer 6

the talar neck and head are medial in relation to plantar surface

Question 7

what does a medial deviated STJ axis look like

Answer 7

1. Medial border of the foot will have a convex shape (bulge) viewing from the transverse plane (above)
2. Soft tissue contour of the taalar at the ankle will be more medially positioned and internally rotated in relation to calc, viewed from transverse plane
3. Increase in convexity in the medial midfoot, from posterior view

Question 8

if there is an increase in pronation moments = an incresed frequency of what conditions?

Answer 8

Plantar fasciitis
Hallux limitus
2nd mtpj capsulitis
Abductor hallux strain
Sinus tarsi syndrome
PTTD
MTSS
PFPS
Pes anserine bursitis

Question 9

what modifications can help with a MD STJ axis

Answer 9

-meidal heel skive
-blake inverted device

Question 10

lateral deviated STJ axis

Answer 10

Less likely than medial
Talar head and neck positioned more laterally in relation to the plantar surface

Question 11

what does A lateral deviated STJ axis look like

Answer 11

Medial border of the foot has a concave shape
Soft tissue contour more laterally positioned
Increased concavity in the medial midfoot
One or both peroneal tendons bowstrung (pertude through skin)

Question 12

increased supination moments = increased frequency of what conditions

Answer 12

Lateral ankle sprain
Peroneal tendinopathy

Question 13

what modifications can you apply to a LD STJ axis

Answer 13

Lateral heel skive
Valgus wedges

Question 14

GRF occuring medially causes

Answer 14

supination moment, the closer to the axis the GRF occurs, the weaker the moment, the further the stronger

Question 15

what is the bosjen-moller axes model

Answer 15

low gear to high gear during gait due to windlass mechanism or intriinsic muscles

2 axis,
transverse axis1st met head
oblique axis met heads 2-5

Question 16

opperating in high gear means

Answer 16

long lever arm=
Plantar aponeurosis tightens during propulsion (windlass mechanism), stiffens foot
Efficient with the long lever, less energy
Transfers weight to contralateral limb
Toe off through 1st met
Less tissue load and pathology

Question 17

opperating in low gear means

Answer 17

short lever arm
No fascial tightening, less still
Less stable
More overuse of muscles, increased pathology
Lateral toe off
Typically used initially to offload heel (this can be seen on COP line)

Question 18

what is muscle tuning theory

Answer 18

Muscles vibrate at a certain frequency when you hit the ground, these act as a signal to the CNS to produce a reaction called muscle tuning (done to minimise soft tissue vibrations) for the next contact to pre tune (just before contact) and cause less loads going into tissue, this theory tries to explain why no significant kinematic changes.

Question 19

what does tuning do for body

Answer 19

Less fatigue
Comfort
How hard muscles/soft tissue have to work
Performance
Less risk of injury

Question 20

what is foot core theory

Answer 20

Foot function is due to intrinsic foot muscles (barefoot running craze), when weak, everything is unstable and abnormal movement patterns causing overuse injuries occur

Question 21

what structures are there in foot core theory

Answer 21

passive:bony and articular structures (ligamnts and joint capsules) which maintain arches of the foot
4 arches, medial/lateral longitudinal arch, anterior/posterior metatarsal arches

active:muscles and tendons that attach to the foot
-local stabilisers (plantar intrinsic muscles)
-global movers (extrinsics muscles originating outside the foot but insert in the foot)

neural:sensory recptors in joints, ligaments, muscles and tendons, provide input via stretch responses

Question 22

how to train foot core

Answer 22

1. Exercises for plantar intrinsic muscles (shortening the distance between 1st MPJ and calc) - short foot exercise
2. Running barefoot or minimalist shoe training
   Improves strength and may increase sensory input
   Must build up to wearing minimal or no shoes

Question 23

what is the arch spring theory

Answer 23

Regulation of energy storage within the foot, elongation of the soft tissues- body absoring energy in the first half of stance phase, recoil-expending energyin second hald of stance phase
Tendons and fascia take this energy, if it goes elsewhere, it could lead to pathology

Question 24

what is the anatomy trains and biotensegrity

Answer 24

dysfunction or tightness in one area of the fascial train can have an impact on other sections (12 tracks in the body from foot to head)

pain in neck could be linked to the foot due to the fascial linkage or if theres tightness in the front, it could be linked to getting pain in the back

Question 25

what is the unified theory

Answer 25

Combination of thoeries (Tissue stress, roots, sagittal plane faciliation) to aid orthotic outcomes

1.Reduce abnormal pronatory forces (root)
2.Reduce load through the plantar fascia (TST)
3.Facilitate 1st MPJ function (SPF)
NOTE: not really a thoery more of a concept of using multiple thoeries.