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Cellular Communication > wk 4- Hormones (steroid and peptide) > Flashcards

wk 4- Hormones (steroid and peptide) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the biochemical mechanism responsible for transmitting extracellular signals across the plasma membrane and throughout the cell?

A

Signal transduction

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2
Q

What are examples of signal transduction?

A

Flux through metabolic pathways
Ion flow through plasma membrane
Cell mobility
Gene expression

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3
Q

Water soluble signalling molecules bins to what type of receptors?

A

Cell surface receptors

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4
Q

What receptors do lipophillic dervived from cholesterol bind to?

A

Intracellular receptors

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5
Q

What ligands mediate hormone signals by altering the expression for specific genes?

A

Cholesterol-derived

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6
Q

What are the multiple categories of steroid hormones?

A

Glucocorticoids
Mineralcorticoids
Androgens
Estrogens

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7
Q

Role of glucocorticoids

A

Regulation of glucose metabolism

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8
Q

Role of mineralcoticoids

A

Salt and water balances

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9
Q

Role of androgens

A

Regulate the development and maintenance of male characteristics in vertebrates (testosterone)

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10
Q

Role of estrogens

A

Development and regulation of female reproductive system (estradiol)

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11
Q

What are synthetic steroids

A

Agonists that mimic the biological response of the hormone

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12
Q

Type of steroids that bodybuilders use

A

Anabolic steroid (builds up muscles)

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13
Q

3 categories of hormones

A

Endocrine (steroids)
Paracrine (growth factor)
Autocrine

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14
Q

What type of cells do steroid hormones exit?

A

Endocrine cells

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15
Q

The cell-specific physiological responses controlled by intracellular/nuclear receptors is governed by what 3 parameters?

A

Cell specific expression of nuclear receptors
Localized bio-availability of ligands
Differential accessibility of target gene DNA sequences in chromatin nuclear receptor binding

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16
Q

Briefly describe the general mechanism of nuclear/intracellular receptor signalling

A

1) Binding of lipophillic first messengers to ligand binding domain
2) Ligand activated nuclear receptors bind directly or indirectly to hormone regulatory elements in DNA - alters transcription rates in chromatin structure

17
Q

How to steroids receptors bind to inverted repeat DNA sequences?

A

Head-to-head homodimers (in pairs) - increases specificity meaning more contact

18
Q

Where is the glucocorticoid receptor synthesized?

A

Adrenal gland

19
Q

What term is also used for inverted repeat?

A

Palindromic

20
Q

What are the 3 different modes of transcriptional regulation of the glucocorticoid-responsive promoters by glucocorticoid receptors?

A

Simple transactivation
Tethering
Synergism

21
Q

What are simple and composote promoters?

A

Simple- Simple transactivation and Tethering

Composite- Synergism

22
Q

What is simple transactivation?

A

The receptor binds directly to the responsive elements

23
Q

What is Tethering?

A

The receptor binds to a transcriptional factor before binding to the responsive elements

24
Q

What is Synergism?

A

A combination of the other two. The transcription factor may have an effect of the receptor binding to the responsive element. vice versa

25
Q

How do glucocorticoid recepors regulate anti-inflammatory responses?

A

By down regulation the expression of pro-inflammatory proteins

26
Q

What is the definition of hormones?

A

Any substance elaborated by one cell to regulate another cell. May be delivered by autocrine, paracrine or endocrine routes

27
Q

True or false- Most hormones have effects on multiple targets in the body

A

True

28
Q

What 3 classes are hormones grouped into based on their structure?

A

Steroid hormones
Amine-derived hormones
Peptide hormones

29
Q

What hormones are hydrophilic and transported unbound in blood plasma?

A

Peptide hormones

30
Q

Where are peptide hormones secreted from?

A

pituitary, parathyroid, heart, stomach, liver, kidneys

31
Q

Where is mature insulin stored?

A

Secretory vesicles

32
Q

How can different end hormones be made?

A

By cleaving a common precursor with a different enzyme

33
Q

What are coactivators?

A

Proteins that acetylate histones

34
Q

Where is the coregulatory protein binding site located?

A

On the surface of the GR ligand binding domain (hydrophobic pocket)

35
Q

What is the difference between pharmaceutical glucocoticoids than that of physiologic steroids?

A

They have a higher binding affinity for the glucocoticoid receptor

Cellular Communication (7 decks)

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