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BI231 Wk 4 Ch 7 Bones > Wk 4 Ch 7 > Flashcards

Wk 4 Ch 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 classes of bones? Give examples

A

Long - femur, humerus, ulna
Short - carpals, tarsals
Flat - sternum, scapula, skull bones
Irregular - vertebrae, facial bones
Sesamoid - patella
Sutural - wormian

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2
Q

What shape is a long bone

A

cylindrical

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3
Q

What shape is a short bone

A

roughly cube-shape

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4
Q

What shape is a flat bone

A

broad, flattened shape that is usually curved

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5
Q

What shape is an irregular bone

A

complex asymmetrical shape

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6
Q

What shape is a sesamoid bone

A

small, round or oval-shaped

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7
Q

Define cranial vault

A

superior, rounded part of the skull that encloses the brain; skull cap

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8
Q

Define cranium

A

Entire skull structure

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9
Q

Define cranial floor

A

Bottom portion of the skull; skull base

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10
Q

Osteon

A

structural unit of compact bone

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11
Q

Central canal

A

Cylindrical channel running through the center of an osteon

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12
Q

Concentric lamellae

A

Onionlike layers of bone matrix

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13
Q

Canaliculi

A

channels in bone matrix that connect lacunae

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14
Q

Lacuane

A

Cavities within the bone matrix that house osteocytes

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15
Q

Interstitial lamellae

A

Irregular regions of bone matrix found between osteons

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16
Q

Circumferential lamellae

A

Layers of bone matrix that run parallel to the bone surface

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17
Q

Trabeculae

A

Thin plated or beams of bone tissue that create a lattice-like structure in spongey bone

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18
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of a long bone

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19
Q

Epiphysis

A

Heads at each end of a long bone

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20
Q

Metaphysis

A

Transitional region between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone

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21
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

Thin wall of cartilage that separates the primary and secondary marrow cavities at the ends of a long bone

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22
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

Line of denser spongey bone that marks the former location of the epiphyseal plate after bone growth is completed

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23
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Space within a long bone that contains bone marrow

24
Q

Yellow marrow

A

Marrow composed primarily of fat cells found in adult bones

25
Q

Red marrow

A

Tissue found in long bones of children responsible for blood cell production

26
Q

Periosteum

A

Tough, protective sheath that covers the external surface of bones

27
Q

Perforating fibers

A

Collagen fibers that extend from the periosteum into the bone matrix

28
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the joint surface where one bone meets another

29
Q

Nutrient artery foramina

A

Tiny holes on the bone surface through which blood vessels enter the bone tissue

30
Q

Endosteum

A

Thin layer of reticular connective tissue that lines the internal surfaces of bone

31
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone forming cells

32
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Bone dissolving cells

33
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells

34
Q

5 zones

A

Resting zone, proliferative zone, hypertrophic zone, calcification zone, ossification zone

35
Q

Resting zone

A

Region in the epiphyseal plate where chondrocytes remain inactive and do not undergo significant changes

36
Q

Proliferative zone

A

Region in the epiphyseal plate where chondrocytes actively multiply and arrange themselves

37
Q

Hypertrophic zone

A

Region in the epiphyseal plate where chondrocytes stop multiplying and begin to enlarge dramatically

38
Q

Calcification zone

A

Region in the epiphyseal plate where minerals are deposited into the cartilage matrix

39
Q

Ossification zone

A

Region where cartilage is replaced by actual bone tissue through active bone deposition

40
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Process of blood cell formation

41
Q

Osteogenic cells

A

Stem cells in the bone marrow that are responsible for bone growth and repair

42
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Process of bone formation in which a preexisting cartilage model is replaced by bone tissue

43
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Process of bone formation that occurs directly within a sheet of mesenchyme

44
Q

Primary ossification center

A

First area where bone tissue starts to form in endochondral ossification

45
Q

Secondary ossification center

A

Site where bone tissues begins to form the epiphhyses of a long bone

46
Q

Interstitial growth

A

Process of cartilage growth from within by the multiplication of chondrocytes; increases bone length

47
Q

Appositional growth

A

Process of bone growth by adding new tissue at the surface of the bone; increases bone diameter

48
Q

Hormones affecting calcium and bone mineralization

A

Calcitonin, calcitriol (vitamin D), cortisol, estrogen, growth hormone, insulin, parathyroid hormone (PTH), testosterone, thyroid hormone

49
Q

Mineral deposition

A

Process of adding minerals like calcium and phosphate to bone tissue, making it hard

50
Q

Mineral deposition process

A
  1. osteoblasts lay down collagen fibers in a helical pattern
  2. first few hydrocyapatite crystals form as “seed crystals”
  3. initial crystals attract more calcium and phosphate
  4. more minerals continue to deposit, gradually calcifying the matrix
  5. process continues until bone matrix is fully calcified
51
Q

Wolff’s law of bone

A

Architecture of bone is determined by the mechanical stresses placed upon it; bones adapt and remodel themselves to withstand specific forces

52
Q

Role of calcitonin

A

Lowers blood calcium levels, reduces osteoclast activity, increases osteoblast activity, helps deposit calcium into the skeleton

53
Q

Role of parathyroid hormone

A

Stimulating bone resorption, promoting calcium reabsorption in kidneys, enhancing calcitriol synthesis, inhibiting bone deposition, increasing calcium release from bones

54
Q

Fracture repair steps

A
  1. hematoma forms
  2. soft callus forms
  3. hard callus forms
  4. bone remodels
55
Q

Process of endochondral ossification

A
  1. cartilage model forms
  2. center of the cartilage begins to break down and calcify
  3. blood vessels enter the cartilage model
  4. osteoblasts start to replace the cartilage with bone tissue
  5. marrow cavities develop
  6. bone continues to grow
  7. growth plate closes
56
Q

Process of intramembranous ossification

A
  1. mesenchymal cells condense into a soft tissue sheet
  2. cells line up along blood vessels and begin to form bone tissue
  3. osteoblasts secrete collagen and start depositing bone matrix
  4. calcium phosphate is deposited, hardening the matrix
  5. osteoblasts become trapped in the matrix, transforming into osteocytes
  6. a fibrous periosteum forms around the developing bone
  7. bone continues to thicken and develop

BI231 Wk 4 Ch 7 Bones (1 decks)

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