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BI231 Wk 4 Ch 7 Bones > Wk 4 Ch 7 > Flashcards

Wk 4 Ch 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 classes of bones? Give examples

A

Long - femur, humerus, ulna
Short - carpals, tarsals
Flat - sternum, scapula, skull bones
Irregular - vertebrae, facial bones
Sesamoid - patella
Sutural - wormian

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2
Q

What shape is a long bone

A

cylindrical

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3
Q

What shape is a short bone

A

roughly cube-shape

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4
Q

What shape is a flat bone

A

broad, flattened shape that is usually curved

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5
Q

What shape is an irregular bone

A

complex asymmetrical shape

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6
Q

What shape is a sesamoid bone

A

small, round or oval-shaped

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7
Q

Define cranial vault

A

superior, rounded part of the skull that encloses the brain; skull cap

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8
Q

Define cranium

A

Entire skull structure

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9
Q

Define cranial floor

A

Bottom portion of the skull; skull base

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10
Q

Osteon

A

structural unit of compact bone

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11
Q

Central canal

A

Cylindrical channel running through the center of an osteon

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12
Q

Concentric lamellae

A

Onionlike layers of bone matrix

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13
Q

Canaliculi

A

channels in bone matrix that connect lacunae

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14
Q

Lacuane

A

Cavities within the bone matrix that house osteocytes

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15
Q

Interstitial lamellae

A

Irregular regions of bone matrix found between osteons

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16
Q

Circumferential lamellae

A

Layers of bone matrix that run parallel to the bone surface

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17
Q

Trabeculae

A

Thin plated or beams of bone tissue that create a lattice-like structure in spongey bone

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18
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of a long bone

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19
Q

Epiphysis

A

Heads at each end of a long bone

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20
Q

Metaphysis

A

Transitional region between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone

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21
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

Thin wall of cartilage that separates the primary and secondary marrow cavities at the ends of a long bone

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22
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

Line of denser spongey bone that marks the former location of the epiphyseal plate after bone growth is completed

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23
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Space within a long bone that contains bone marrow

24
Q

Yellow marrow

A

Marrow composed primarily of fat cells found in adult bones

25
Red marrow
Tissue found in long bones of children responsible for blood cell production
26
Periosteum
Tough, protective sheath that covers the external surface of bones
27
Perforating fibers
Collagen fibers that extend from the periosteum into the bone matrix
28
Articular cartilage
Layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the joint surface where one bone meets another
29
Nutrient artery foramina
Tiny holes on the bone surface through which blood vessels enter the bone tissue
30
Endosteum
Thin layer of reticular connective tissue that lines the internal surfaces of bone
31
Osteoblasts
Bone forming cells
32
Osteoclasts
Bone dissolving cells
33
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells
34
5 zones
Resting zone, proliferative zone, hypertrophic zone, calcification zone, ossification zone
35
Resting zone
Region in the epiphyseal plate where chondrocytes remain inactive and do not undergo significant changes
36
Proliferative zone
Region in the epiphyseal plate where chondrocytes actively multiply and arrange themselves
37
Hypertrophic zone
Region in the epiphyseal plate where chondrocytes stop multiplying and begin to enlarge dramatically
38
Calcification zone
Region in the epiphyseal plate where minerals are deposited into the cartilage matrix
39
Ossification zone
Region where cartilage is replaced by actual bone tissue through active bone deposition
40
Hematopoiesis
Process of blood cell formation
41
Osteogenic cells
Stem cells in the bone marrow that are responsible for bone growth and repair
42
Endochondral ossification
Process of bone formation in which a preexisting cartilage model is replaced by bone tissue
43
Intramembranous ossification
Process of bone formation that occurs directly within a sheet of mesenchyme
44
Primary ossification center
First area where bone tissue starts to form in endochondral ossification
45
Secondary ossification center
Site where bone tissues begins to form the epiphhyses of a long bone
46
Interstitial growth
Process of cartilage growth from within by the multiplication of chondrocytes; increases bone length
47
Appositional growth
Process of bone growth by adding new tissue at the surface of the bone; increases bone diameter
48
Hormones affecting calcium and bone mineralization
Calcitonin, calcitriol (vitamin D), cortisol, estrogen, growth hormone, insulin, parathyroid hormone (PTH), testosterone, thyroid hormone
49
Mineral deposition
Process of adding minerals like calcium and phosphate to bone tissue, making it hard
50
Mineral deposition process
1. osteoblasts lay down collagen fibers in a helical pattern 2. first few hydrocyapatite crystals form as "seed crystals" 3. initial crystals attract more calcium and phosphate 4. more minerals continue to deposit, gradually calcifying the matrix 5. process continues until bone matrix is fully calcified
51
Wolff's law of bone
Architecture of bone is determined by the mechanical stresses placed upon it; bones adapt and remodel themselves to withstand specific forces
52
Role of calcitonin
Lowers blood calcium levels, reduces osteoclast activity, increases osteoblast activity, helps deposit calcium into the skeleton
53
Role of parathyroid hormone
Stimulating bone resorption, promoting calcium reabsorption in kidneys, enhancing calcitriol synthesis, inhibiting bone deposition, increasing calcium release from bones
54
Fracture repair steps
1. hematoma forms 2. soft callus forms 3. hard callus forms 4. bone remodels
55
Process of endochondral ossification
1. cartilage model forms 2. center of the cartilage begins to break down and calcify 3. blood vessels enter the cartilage model 4. osteoblasts start to replace the cartilage with bone tissue 5. marrow cavities develop 6. bone continues to grow 7. growth plate closes
56
Process of intramembranous ossification
1. mesenchymal cells condense into a soft tissue sheet 2. cells line up along blood vessels and begin to form bone tissue 3. osteoblasts secrete collagen and start depositing bone matrix 4. calcium phosphate is deposited, hardening the matrix 5. osteoblasts become trapped in the matrix, transforming into osteocytes 6. a fibrous periosteum forms around the developing bone 7. bone continues to thicken and develop

BI231 Wk 4 Ch 7 Bones (1 decks)

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