Wk 3: DM/ Obesity/ Metabolic Syndrome

Question 1

where are carbohydrates broken down?

Answer 1

in the duodenum and proximal jejunum

Question 2

what are carbohydrates? CHO

Answer 2

simple sugars and complex chemical units

Question 3

what is the livers role in blood glucose regulation?

Answer 3

the liver:
-extracts glucose
-synthesizes glucose into glycogen (energy storage)
-glycogenolysis (breakdown glycogen)

Question 4

What are the two main functions of the pancreas?

Answer 4

*1. endocrine: cells secrete insulin directly into blood stream
2. exocrine: pancreas cells secrete directly into ducts

Question 5

Where does the endocrine function of the pancreas occur?

Answer 5

in the islet of langerhans

Question 6

Two types of endocrine cells

Answer 6

1. alpha cells: secrete glucagon in response to low BP
2. beta cells: produce insulin

Question 7

What are the hormones that raise blood glucose?

Answer 7

glucagon
epinephrine
glucocorticoids
growth hormone

Question 8

how to body controls blood sugar levels

Answer 8

-food converted to glucose
-pancreas makes insulin to combat high BG
-blood carries glucose and insulin to every cell in the body
-insulin acts as a key to “open” cells
-cells absorb glucose from blood

Question 9

insulin promotes the synthesis of ______ ______ in the liver

Answer 9

fatty acids

Question 10

insulin has a fat sparing effect, meaning that …

Answer 10

it drives cells to use carbohydrates instead of fat for energy

Question 11

What happens when you do not have enough insulin?

Answer 11

-you cannot breakdown carbohydrates efficiently
-decreased glucose is used by the cells

-> leading to hyperglycemia and cells using fatty acids as a source for energy

Question 12

Insulin deficiency leads to what three processes ?

Answer 12

1. decreased glucose uptake
2. increased proteolysis
3. increased lipolysis

Question 13

impaired fat metabolism causes what?
longterm
short term

Answer 13

short term-> ketosis
longterm -> atherosclerosis

Question 14

increased proteolysis due to insulin deficiency causes what effects ?

Answer 14

-increased protein breakdown leads to more amino acids in circulation
-increased use to amino acids as energy source
-muscle wasting
-body unable to store proteins

Question 15

Protein catabolism is more common in what type of diabetes?

Answer 15

type 1

Question 16

hyperglycemia does what to the fluids and the electrolytes in your body?

Answer 16

-increased serum glucose levels
-increased plasma oncotic pressure
-fluid shifts into intravascular compartment
-intracellular dehydration