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Oral Radiology > Wk 3 > Flashcards

Wk 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the error in this PA radiograph

A

The film is placed too posterior and does not have a clearance above the occlusal cusps of 2.5mm

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2
Q

What is dropped film corner and what angle technique is it most commonly seen in?

A

Dropped film corner is caused due to teh finger technqiue used by patients to hold the film in place during a bisecting angle technique

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2
Q

What is the error in this PA radiograph

A

Dropped film corner

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3
Q

What is the error in this PA radiograph

A

the film was placed too high causing a space of greater than 2.5mm above the cusps which can effect the capturing of the apical structures

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4
Q

What is the error in this PA radiograph

A

It is caused due to patient not biting onto the bite block resulting in a lack of capturing the apices

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5
Q

What is the error in this PA radiograph

A

Absence of the apical regions of the tooth

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6
Q

What is the error in this PA radiograph

A

Cone cutting

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7
Q

What is the error in this PA radiograph and what can it be caused from

A

It is an overlapping of the buccal and lingual cusps caused when the horizontal angle technique is not done correctly

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8
Q

What is the error in this PA radiograph and why can that lead too this image forming?

A

It is caused due to reversed conventional film resulting in the lead foil pointing towards the PID. The lead foil allows absorbing any unnecessary radiation exposure to the patient

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9
Q

What is the error in this PA radiograph

A

Digital film is placed towards PID

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10
Q

What is the error in this PA radiograph

A

This is due to a lowering in the angulation of the PID in bisecting angle technique causing a elongation in the image

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11
Q

What is the error in this PA radiograph

A

Increased angulation in the PID in bisecting angle technique causing a foreshortening in the image

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12
Q

What is the error in this PA radiograph

A

Blurring of image caused by patient movement

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13
Q

What is the error in this PA radiograph

A

Double exposure of the same film

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14
Q

What is the error in this PA radiograph

A

Cobalt chrome partial denture kept in patient mouth

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15
Q

What is the error in this PA radiograph

A

Thyroid shield

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16
Q

What is the error in this PA radiograph

A

Film bending

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17
Q

What is the error in this PA radiograph

A

Phalangioma

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18
Q

What is the error in this bitewing radiograph

A

Too posterior

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19
Q

What is the error in this bitewing radiograph

A

Too anterior

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20
Q

What is the error in this bitewing radiograph

A

Cone cutting

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21
Q

What is the error in this bitewing radiograph

A

Poor horizontal angulation

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22
Q

What is the error in this bitewing radiograph

A

Radiolucency of dentures

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23
Q

What is film density

A

Film density represents the darkness of the radiographic image

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24
Q

If the density of the image is too high what kind of image will we get?

A

Dark

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25
Q

If the density of the image is too low what kind of image will that give us

A

Bright

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26
Q

What are the 4 factors that may influence density of the film

A
  1. Patient size
  2. Exposure settings
  3. Object density
  4. Film fog
27
Q

If a skinny patient is exposed with high KvP, mA, and exposure time how will this impact the density of the image vs a patient who is heavier is exposed with lower radiographic settings?

A

Skinny patient= high density in image
Larger patient= low density in image

28
Q

How does object density effect film density

A

Higher object density reduces film density and vice versa

29
Q

What is film fog caused from and how can it effect the density of the image

A

Film fog can be caused from scatter radiation, improper film storage, improper safe lighting, and using old films which can cause a high density in the film

30
Q

What is contrast

A

Contrast refers to the differences in film densities between various regions of the radiograph

31
Q

What is another name for high contrast images

A

Short gray scale

32
Q

What are high contrast images in general

A

High contrast images represent shades off grey, light and dark surfaces
Help detect carious lesions

33
Q

What are low contrast images?

A

Images that have a variation in shades of grey which is beneficial in detecting periodontal diseases

34
Q

What 3 factors may influence the contrast of the image?

A

Exposure settings
Film processing and storage
Film fog

35
Q

What is the speed of a film

A

Speed refers to the amount of radiation required for the film to produce a radiograph with appropriate density

36
Q

What speed film has the greatest speed

A

F Speed Film

37
Q

What is projection geometry

A

Is the relationship between the source, X-ray beam, and tooth being radiographed and the position of the film

38
Q

What are 5 important situations that need to be considered to achieve an optimal radiograph?

A

Small focal spot
Target- tooth distance is large
Tooth-Film distance is short
Tooth and film are parallel
X ray beam passes perpendicular to the tooth and film

39
Q

What is sharpness of an image?

A

Sharpness of an image is the measure of the details presented of an object in a radiograph

40
Q

What are 6 Marion factors that influence sharpness

A

Small Focal spot
Target-tooth distance large
Tooth- film distance small
Film- small grains and double emulsion can reduce sharpness
Patient motion
Identifying screens

41
Q

What is magnification

A

Is the increase in the size of the image

42
Q

Do we get a smaller or larger magnification with the film being positioned close to the tooth

A

Larger image

43
Q

Do we get a smaller or larger image when the PID is placed further away from the tooth

A

Smaller

44
Q

What is distortion of an image

A

Distortion is referred to the change is the shape of an object

45
Q

What 2 factors can lead to distortion of an image

A
  1. If film and tooth are not parallel to each other
  2. Poor vertical angulation or horizontal
46
Q

What are the general steps in making radiation exposure to the patient

A
  1. PPE
  2. Seating the patient
    Upright position
    Place lead apron if required
    Head rest perpendicular to the floor
    Mid sagital plane pereipindicular to the floor
    Occusal surface is to be parallel to the floor(mx. Told forwards md. Tilt back
    Remove glasses and non fixed appliances
    Discuss the procedure with patient
    Check the X-ray unit settings
    Place films into patient mouth
    Position PID or head of tube
    Expose patient with radiation
47
Q

What are the indications for Periapical radiographs

A
  1. Developing periodontal diseases
  2. Monitoring periodontal health
  3. Endodontics
  4. Trauma
  5. Developmental anomalies
  6. Impacted teeth
  7. Implants
48
Q

What are the two techniques used for taking a PA

A

Bisecting angle technqiue
Paralleling technique

49
Q

Briefly describe bisecting angle technique

A

The bisecting angle technique is a technique in which the mean angle of the tooth and the mean angle of the film are not parallel to each other and the film is positioned close to the tooth to form a large magnification

50
Q

Describe the head positioning of the patient in bisecting angle technique

A
  1. Mid sagital plane must be perpendicular to the floor
  2. If taking a maxillary radiograph patient must tilt their head down
  3. If taking a mandibular radiograph then patient is required to tilt their head back
  4. Placing the head rest perpendicular to the floor is critical
51
Q

What are the two film holders used in bisecting angle technique

A

Snap a ray
Haemostat with rubber bite block

52
Q

What is film #0 used for

A

In children

53
Q

What is film #1 used for

A

Anterior PA for adults or bite wings in mixed dentition

54
Q

What is number #2 film used for

A

Posterior teeth PA and bite wing
Occlusal radiographs for children

55
Q

What is number 3 film used for

A

To capture greater number of teeth in a PA or bitewingPA especially in larger patients

56
Q

What is a number 4 film used for

A

Occlusal radiographs in adults

57
Q

What are the advantages of using bisecting angle technique

A

Easy and simple process

58
Q

What are the disadvantages of dissecting angle technique

A
  1. Distortion of image
  2. Impossible to form reproducible images
  3. Vertical angulation may result in foreshortening or elongation
  4. Periodontal bone level may be poorly captured
  5. Cone cutting may occur
  6. Horizontal and vertical trenhqiues are very difficult to master therefore may increase errors
  7. Poor horizontal angle technique may result in overlapping image
58
Q

Briefly explain paralleling technique?

A

Parallel technique requires the long axis of the film to be parallel with the long axis of the tooth which requires the film/bite block to be placed far away as possible to make sure the film and tooth are parallel

59
Q

What two instruments used for parallel technique

A

Rinn-XCP
Kiki-bite

60
Q

What is another name for parallel technique

A

Long cone

61
Q

What are the advantages of parallel technique?

A
62
Q

What are the disadvantages of parallel technique

A

Positing bite block may be challenging for inexperienced operators
anatomy of mouth may make the technique impossible
Positioning the holders in lower third molar may be difficult

63
Q

What are the indicators of using bisecting angle technique

A

Shallow floor of the mouth and palate
Tori palatineus
Gaging patient

64
Q

What are the advantages of parallel technique

A

Oral Radiology (5 decks)

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