Wk. 2 - Infancy and Early Childhood - Ch. 6 - Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

moral dvelopment

Answer 1

Development that involves thoughts, feelings, and actions regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people.

Question 2

heteronomous morality

Answer 2

The first stage of moral development in Piaget’s theory, accounting for approximately 4 years to 7 years. Justice and rules are conceived of as unchangeable properties of the world, beyond the control of people.

Question 3

autonomous morality

Answer 3

The second stage of moral development in Piaget’s theory, displayed by older children (about 10 years of c age and older). The child becomes aware in judging an action, one should consider the actor’s intentions as well as the consequences.

Question 4

immanent justice

Answer 4

The expectation that, if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately.

Question 5

gender identity

Answer 5

The sense of being male or female which most children acquire by the time they are 3 years old.

Question 6

gender roles

Answer 6

Sets of expectations that prescribe how females and males should think, act, and feel.

Question 7

social role theory

Answer 7

A theory that gender of differences result from the contrasting role of men and women.

Question 8

psychoanalytic theory of gender

Answer 8

A theory deriving from Freud’s view that the preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent, by approximately 5 years or 6 years of age renounces this attraction because of anxious feelings, and subsequently identifies with the same-sex parent, unconsciously adopting the same-sex parent’s characteristics.

Question 9

social cognitive theory of gender

Answer 9

A theory emphasizing that children’s gender development occurs through the observation and imitation of gender behavior and through the rewards and punishments children experience for gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate behavior.

Question 10

gender-schema theory

Answer 10

The theory that gender typing emerges as children gradually develop gender schemas of what is gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate in their culture.

Question 11

authoritarian parenting

Answer 11

A restrictive, punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and to respect work and effort. The authoritarian parent places firm limits and controls on the child and allows little verbal exchange. Authoritarian parenting is associated with children’s social incompetence.

Question 12

authoritative parenting

Answer 12

A parenting style in which parents encourage their children to be independent, but still place limits and controls on their actions. Extensive verbal give-and-take is allowed, and parents are warm and nurturant toward the child. Authoritative parenting is associated with children’s social competence.

Question 13

neglectful parenting

Answer 13

A style of parenting in which the parent is very uninvolved in the child’s life, it is associated with children’s social incompetence, especially a lack of self-control.

Question 14

indulgent parenting

Answer 14

A style of parenting in which parents get highly involved with their children, but place few demands or controls on them. Indulgent parenting is associated with children’s social incompetence, especially a lack of control.

Question 15

sensorimotor play

Answer 15

Behavior engaged in by infants to derive pleasure from exercising their existing sensorimotor schemas.

Question 16

practice play

Answer 16

Play that involves repetition of behavior which new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports.

Question 17

pretense/symbolic play

Answer 17

Play that involves social interactions with peers.

Question 18

constructive play

Answer 18

Play that combines sensorimotor and repetitive activity with symbolic representation of ideas. Constructive play occurs when children engage in self-regulated creation or construction of a product or a problem solution.

Question 19

games

Answer 19

Activities engaged in for pleasure that include rules and often involve competition between two or more individuals.

Question 20

moral development

Answer 20

Development that involved thoughts, feelings, and actions regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interaction with other people.

Question 21

self-understanding

Answer 21

The child’s cognitive representation of self, the substance and content of the child’s self-conceptions.

Question 22

empathy

Answer 22

Responding to another person’s feelings with an emotion that echoes those feelings. (Denham, Bassett, & Wyatt, 2015). The ability to understand and share the feelings of another.

Question 23

birth order

Answer 23

The order a child is born in their family; First-born or second-born are examples. Birth order is often believed to have a profound and lasting effect on psychological development. This assertion has been repeatedly challenged.