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HaDPop > wk 2 descriptive epidemiology and health improvement > Flashcards

wk 2 descriptive epidemiology and health improvement Flashcards

1
Q

negative skew

A

distribution with tail to the left

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2
Q

positive skew

A

distribution with tail to the right

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3
Q

How can a categorical variable be split

A

Ordinal - ranking category (mild,,moderate)
Nominal - categorise date, no numbers (sex)

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4
Q

cumulative incidence (RISK) be calculated

A

of new cases of disease over period of time/ # of ppl starting period at risk of developing

%

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5
Q

Incidence density (RATE) be calculated

A

of new cases of disease/total person-time at risk

person-years

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6
Q

How can location of data be categorised

A

Mode - number appear the most
median - put #s in order and middle number
mean - add all and divide by number, avg

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7
Q

prevalence be calculated

A

of cases at given time/ # in pop at that time

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8
Q

How can scatter plots be described

A

linear or non linear
strong or weak
positive correlation, negative correlation or zero correlation

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9
Q

How can shape of frequency distribution be described

A

Unimodal/bimodal
Symmetric or skewed
Large gaps of outliers

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10
Q

How can spread of data be categorised

A

Interquartile range
Standard deviation

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11
Q

MR(infant mortality rate)

A

deaths per year occuring in in first year/ total # of live births in year

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12
Q

How may obesity as a social determinant affect health

A

can lead to a variety of diseases such as diabetes,cancer and heart disease

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13
Q

what is incidence

A

number of new events within specified period of time

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14
Q

what is prevalence

A

number of cases of disease in a pop at designated time

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15
Q

what does PICO stand for?

A

Population
Intervention
Comparison
Outcome

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16
Q

5A’s of health promotion are:

A

ask
assess
advise
assist
arrange

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17
Q

challenges associated with health improvement

A

Health care costs
social determinants of health

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18
Q

difficulties faced in evaluation

A

design of intervention
Possible lag time to effect
Many concurrent confounding factors
High cost of evaluation research

19
Q

dilemmas associated with health improvement

A

Ethics of interfering in peoples lives
Victim blaming
Reinforcing negative stereotypes
Fallacy of empowerment

20
Q

examples of social determinants of health

A

Stress
social exclusion
work
unemployment
addiction
food

21
Q

2 types of numerical data

A

Continuous -
Discrete

22
Q

2 types of variables

A

Numerical
Categorical

23
Q

2 ways incidence can be measured

A

Cumulative incidence (RISK)
Incidence density (RATE)

24
Q

5 approaches to health promotion

A

Medical
Behaviour change
educational
empowerment
social change

25
Q

What does a scatter plot show

A

Relationship between 2 continuous variables

26
Q

what is a categorical variable

A

type of data used to group information

27
Q

What is a continuous variable

A

can take a value between a certain set of real numbers
e.g. height,temperature

28
Q

What is a discrete variable

A

Variable only consisting of integers
e.g. number of cars

29
Q

What is a health needs assessment

A

systematic method for reviewing the health issues facing a population, leading to agree priorities and resource allocation that will improve health and reduce inequalities

30
Q

What is a proportion

A

Division of two related numbers

31
Q

What is a rate

A

Measure of frequency of occurence “per unit time”

32
Q

What is a ratio

A

Division of two unrelated numbers
male:female

33
Q

What is age specific death rate

A

Number of deaths per 1,000 in age group

34
Q

What is crude death rate (CDR)

A

Number of deaths per 1,000 population

35
Q

What is health promotion

A

enabling people to increase control over and improve their health beyond healthly lifestyles to wellbeing

36
Q

What is make every contact count(MECC)

A

behaviour change interventions to patients to enable them to change their lifestyle

37
Q

what is nudge theory

A

positive reinforcement and indirect suggestions as ways to influence the behaviour and decision making of groups or individuals.

38
Q

What is standard deviation

A

Measure of spread of data around the mean

39
Q

What is the correlation coefficient

A

Summary for strength of relationship between 2 variables

40
Q

What should you think of when analysing health information

A

Person
Place
time

41
Q

What type of graph is a population pyramid

A

Histogram

42
Q

what was the marmot review

A

Review done to identify how to reduce health inequalities using evidence based strategies

43
Q

result of the Marmot review 10 years on

A

Improvements to life expectancy have stalled
health gap has grown further between wealthy and deprived areas

44
Q

When was public health england set up

A

2013

HaDPop (3 decks)

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