wk 1 to 3 Flashcards
Pathology
Study of diseases
Origin, development and treatment of diseases
Study of the changes in cell
etioliogy
Study of the causes of disease
Extrinsic and intrinsic are idiopathic
Intrinsic = innate
Extrinsic = outward
Idiopathic = unknown
disease
Abnormalities in the function of the cell
Harmful deviation of the structural and functional aspects of cell and/or tissues
pathiogenesis
Origin of disease
Included in the scope of pathology
manifestation of disease
signs and symptoms
signs
objective observation of second party
symptoms
subjective feelings of patient that is neither absorvable nor measurale
Causes: Pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites).
Characteristics: Spread directly or indirectly; symptoms like fever, fatigue, and inflammation.
Infectious diseases
Causes: Uncontrolled cell growth; tumors (benign or malignant).
Characteristics: Malignant tumors invade tissues and may spread (metastasize).
neoplastic disease
Causes: Immune system attacks body’s own cells.
Characteristics: Often chronic; inflammation, pain, fatigue, organ dysfunction
Autoimmune Diseases
Causes: DNA mutations (inherited or spontaneous). Caused by abnormalities in the genetic makeup
Characteristics: Single- gene disorders, multifactorial, or chromosomal disorders.
genetic disorders
Causes: Progressive deterioration of cells/tissues where both function and structure are affectd, often due to aging.
Characteristics: Irreversible; affects nervous system, joints, cardiovascular system.
degenrtaive disease
Causes: Metabolic disruptions due to enzyme deficiencies or hormonal imbalances.
Characteristics: Affect nutrient metabolism; symptoms like fatigue or organ dysfunction
metabolic disease
Causes: Metabolic disruptions due to enzyme deficiencies or hormonal imbalances.
Characteristics: Affect nutrient metabolism; symptoms like fatigue or organ dysfunction
Degenerative Diseases
Causes: Deficiencies or excesses in dietary intake or nutrient absorption.
Characteristics: Malnutrition, obesity, specific nutrient deficiencies.
Nutritional Diseases
Causes: Exposure to harmful environmental agents (chemicals, pollutants, radiation).
Characteristics: Can affect specific organs or the entire body; acute or chronic conditions.
Environmental Diseases
Causes: Genetic, environmental, and psychological factors.
Characteristics: Affect mood, thinking, behavior, and cognitive function.
Psychiatric Diseases
are reversible changes in the size, number, phenotype, metabolic activity, or function of cells in response to changes in their environment.
Cellular adaptation
Definition: An increase in the size of cells, leading to an increase in the size of the affected tissue or organ.
Hypertrophy
Due to increased workload or demand, cells produce more structural proteins and organelles, causing enlargement.
Hypertrophy
Definition: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, leading to enlargement.
hyperplasia
Triggered by growth factors, hormones, or compensatory mechanisms in response to injury or increased demand.
Hyperplasia
Definition: A reversible change in which one differentiated cell type is replaced by another cell type.
Metaplasia
Stem cells are reprogrammed to produce a different type of cell that is better adapted to the new environment or stress.
Metaplasia
decrease in the size or number of cells, leading to a reduction in the size of a tissue or organ.
Atrophy
Results from reduced metabolic activity, decreased protein synthesis, or increased protein degradation (autophagy or ubiquitin-proteasome pathway).
Atrophy
Abnormal cellular growth characterized by changes in cell size, shape, and organization, often considered a precancerous state.
Dysplasia
Caused by genetic mutations or chronic irritation that leads to disordered cell proliferation and differentiation.
Dysplasia
A reversible or irreversible alteration in cell structure or function caused by external or internal stress.
Cell Injury
The irreversible cessation of all cellular functions, resulting from severe, irreversible cell injury.
Cell Death
Programmed cell death that is regulated, controlled, and essential for normal development and tissue homeostasis.
Apoptosis
Unregulated cell death resulting from severe injury.
Necrosis
Elimination of damaged or cancerous cells.
Apoptosis
- : Tissue death due to severe ischemia, like in gangrene.
Necrosis
A temporary state where cells experience stress or damage but retain the ability to recover and return to normal function if the harmful stimulus is removed
Reversible cell injury
Severe damage to cells that goes beyond their capacity for repair, leading to cell death through necrosis or apoptosis.
Irreversible cell injury
cardinals of inflammation
Redness (Rubor):
Cause: Increased blood flow to the affected area due to vasodilation.
Description: The affected tissue appears redder than usual.
Heat (Calor):
Cause: Increased blood flow and metabolic activity in the inflamed tissue.
Description: The affected area feels warmer than the surrounding tissue.
Swelling (Tumor):
Cause: Accumulation of fluid (edema) and cells from the bloodstream into the tissue space.
Description: The affected area becomes swollen or enlarged.
Pain (Dolor):
Cause: Release of chemicals like prostaglandins and bradykinin that stimulate nerve endings, and pressure from swelling.
Description: The affected area is tender and painful.
Loss of Function (Functio laesa):
Cause: Damage to the tissue and disruption of normal function due to pain, swelling, and structural changes.
Description: The affected area may have reduced functionality or impaired movement.
pathogenesis of inflmamation
Blood flow increases
Allows substance to pass through blood vessels
Redness (rubor) and warmth (calor)
Vascular permeability increases
Magkakavasoconstriction, blood vessel will dilate momentarily leading to increase in blood flow which could upto 1 to 3 hours.
Swelling (Tumor) , pain (dolor) , loss of function (functio leasa)
Leukocytic infiltration
is a fluid rich in proptein that has coagulation factors
exudate
Cell outlines are preserved while the internal structures are destroyed.
Coagulative Necrosis:
Often associated with ischemia (lack of blood flow) or infarction.
Coagulative Necrosis:
Tissue becomes liquid or semi-liquid due to the breakdown of cellular components by enzymes.
Liquefactive Necrosis:
type of necrosis Typically caused by bacterial infections or brain infarcts.
Liquefactive Necrosis:
Tissue has a cheese-like (caseous) appearance due to the accumulation of necrotic cells and cellular debris.
Caseous Necrosis:
Affects adipose tissue, leading to the destruction of fat cells and formation of fatty acids.
Fat Necrosis:
Characterized by the deposition of fibrin-like proteinaceous material in tissue, which appears eosinophilic (pink) under a microscope.
Fibrinoid Necrosis:
type of necrosis common in autoimmune diseases and certain types of vasculitis.
Fibrinoid Necrosis:
A form of coagulative necrosis, often complicated by bacterial infection.
Gangrenous Necrosis:
are often the first responders to infection or injury.
Neutrophils
They process and present antigens to T lymphocytes, initiating the adaptive immune response.
Macrophages
They contribute to tissue repair and resolution of inflammation by clearing dead cells and promoting healing.
Macrophages
