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SSS > WK 1- Skin, Hair and Nails > Flashcards

WK 1- Skin, Hair and Nails Flashcards

1
Q

What are some functions of the skin

A
  • Mechanical barrier
  • Chemical barrier
  • Defence against micro-organisms
  • Immunological barrier
  • Endocrine organ
  • Defence against UV light
  • Thermoregulation
  • Sensory organ
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2
Q

What are the 5 main layers of the epidermis

A

Moving from top layer to bottom layer

  1. Stratum Corneum, 4. Stratum Lucidum, 3. Stratum Granulosum
  2. Stratum Spinosum, 1. Stratum Germinativum/basale
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3
Q

What is the most common cell of the epidermis

A

Keratinocyte

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4
Q

How thick is the epidermis in the face vs feet

-why is there a change

A

Approximately 0.1 (face) to 1mm thick (sole of feet)

-Thicker in feet to provide more protection, thinner in face to allow for mobility and sensation

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5
Q

What are the 3 non-keratinocyte cells of the epidermis

A
  1. Melanocytes, 2. Langerhans cells, 3. Merkel Cells
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6
Q

What is the role of melanocytes

A
  • Melanocytes are pigment cells and provide colour to the skin/hair/eyes
  • Melanocytes screen out UV radiation
  • All people have the same amount of melanocytes though darker skinned individuals the melanocytes produce more melanaomes, which are broken down less rapidly then caucasoids people
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7
Q

Where are melanocytes found and how is melanin transferred

A

located in the stratum basale, dermis and hair follicles→ most numerous on face and exposed areas of skin
-melanin is contained in melanosomes and then transferred to keratinocytes via dendritic processes

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8
Q

What is the role of langerhans cells

A

Langerhans cells (aka Ag presenting cells) have long dendritic processes that radiate throughout the epidermis- collect Ag- and then migrate through the epidermis and dermis into the lymph nodes where they present to T cells

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9
Q

What is the role of Merkel Cells

A

These are sensory mechanoreceptors–> located in stratum basale but only in thick skin
-closely associated with free nerve endings of cutaneous nerves

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10
Q

What is the dermis- what is it composed of

A

Layer below epidermis that is made from tough supportive connective tissue matrix predominately made of collagen

  • elastic connective tissue is the other main type of fibrous connective tissue in the dermis and accounts for 4% dry weight of dermis
  • returns skin to normal configuration after stretching
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11
Q

What are the layers of the dermis

A

Reticular (thicker lower layer) and Papillary (thinner upper layer)

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12
Q

What are the 4 cells in the dermis

A

Fibroblasts: synthesis and degradation of CT
Macrophages: phagocytic cells
Mast cells: secretory cells
Lymphocytes: small number collect around blood vessels in normal skin

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13
Q

What is the hypodermis- what is it composed of

A

Subcutaneous tissue underlying the dermis

-composed of adipose cells

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14
Q

What is the role of the hypodermis

A

-aid in insulating the body and allow mobility

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15
Q

What are the main sensory receptors of the skin

A
  1. free nerve endings (merkel cells) that allow you to determine pressure on skin→ signals can be relayed to nerve fibres
  2. Encapsulated receptors→ pacinian and meissners corpuscle
  3. Pertichrial free nerve endings→ sit at the bottom of hair cells and relay touch
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16
Q

What are the 3 types of glands in the skin

A

Sebaceous glands, Aporcrine glands and Eccrine glands

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17
Q

What is the function of sebaceous glands

A
  • greatest density on face and scalp- associated with hair follicles
  • release sebum
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18
Q

What is sebum- what canal is it secreted through

A

a complex mixture of lipids and secreted onto the skin through the pilosebaceous canal
-sebum has an antibacterial and antifungal action and contributes to normal barrier function of skin

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19
Q

When are sebaceous glands most active - what is the connection to acne

A

sebaceous gland activity is high at birth but declines to almost nothing between 2 and 6 years

  • between 7 and 20 sebum production is high and then will decline at the age of 20
  • males on average have higher rates than females meaning males have higher rates of acne
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20
Q

What is the function of eccrine sweat glands

A

-release sweat, least abundant on the back

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21
Q

What is the function of apocrine sweat glands

A
  • large gland that discharge into hair follicles rather than directly onto the surface (unlike sebaceous glands)
  • no odor when first secreted but produces pheromones
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22
Q

What is the hyponychium

A

white area at tip of nail that prevents bacteria entering the nail bed

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23
Q

What is the onychocorneal band

A

distal, white band that marks the most distal firm attachment of the nail plate to the nail bed

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24
Q

How long do fingernails take to completely regenerate

A

12-18 months

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25
Q

What are the 3 stages of the hair cycle

A

Anagen, catagen and telogen

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26
Q

What occurs in anagen/how long does it last

A

growing phase→ follicle penetrates deeply into the hypodermis and keratinocytes in the follicular bulb proliferate to form the hair shaft and melanocytes responsible for the pigmentation of the hair are dispersed among these keratinocytes
-lasts between 2-6 years

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27
Q

What occurs in catagen

A

the keratinocytes and melanocytes undergo programmed death

-lasts less than 2 weeks

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28
Q

What occurs in telogen

A

resting stage, telogen hair has a club shaped proximal end

-lasts around 3 months

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29
Q

What is glabrous skin

A

glabrous skin includes the palms, soles and portions of the genitalia -> no hair follicles

30
Q

What is nikolsky sign

A

shearing stress on the skin causes separation of the skin along a horizontal plane→ results in traumatic bulla and occurs in fragile skin (autoimmune)

31
Q

What is koebner phenomenon

A

aka isomorphic phenomenon localisation of a non-infective skin disorder to area of trauma eg. Psoriasis, atopic dermatitis

32
Q

What is dariers sign

A

rubbing of an area of mastocytosis (bunch of mast cells sitting together) causes an intensive uriticarial reaction

33
Q

What is an abscess

A

Is collection of pus in a cavity greater then 1cm in diameter

34
Q

What is angioedema

A

Diffuse swelling of oedema which extends to the subcutaneous tissue

35
Q

What is a bulla

A

Is a circumscribed elevation of skin over 0.5 cm and containing fluid -eg. Impetigo

36
Q

What is a burrow

A

Is a linear of curvilinear papule caused by a burrowing mite e.g. scabies , arrows point to scabies

37
Q

What does central clearing mean

A

Rash with a normal central area

38
Q

What is a keloid

A

Very raised and erythematous scar

39
Q

What is a comedone

A

Is a plug of keratin and sebum wedged in a dilate pilosebaceous orifice. Open comedones are blackheads. The follicle opening of a closed comedone is nearly closed over by skin so it looks like a pinhead sized , ivory coloured papule

40
Q

What is dysaesthesia

A

Tingling, burning, numbness

41
Q

What is ecchymosis

A

A larger extravasations of blood into the skin

42
Q

What is erythroderma

A

Rash involving at least 90% of skin surface

43
Q

What is is eschar

A

Thick crust over an ulcer or erosion

44
Q

What is excoriation

A

Superficial loss of epidermis (ulcer/erosion) from scratching or picking, therefore often linear and covered by crust eg. Scabies or prurigo

45
Q

What is impetiginised

A

Covered in crust, pustules often weeping

46
Q

What is lichenification

A

Thickening of epidermis usually due to friction

47
Q

What is livedo

A

Purple lace-like or reticulated lesion usually on lower legs

48
Q

What is keratosis

A

Is a horn like thickening of the skin e.g. solar keratosis

49
Q

What is a macule

A

Small flat lesion of altered colour or texture

Eg. Lentigo simplex

50
Q

What is a nodule

A

Raised firm ovoid lesion greater than 0.5cm in width and depth
eg. Nodular keloid scar

51
Q

What is a micropapule

A

Raised lesion of 1-2mm in diameter

52
Q

What is a papule

A

Small raised solid lesion less than 0.5mm

eg. Molluscum contagiosum
- can be described by their surface contours

53
Q

What is a papulosquamous

A

Raised papules on a background of scale and redness

54
Q

What is a plaque

A

Large raised lesion greater than 2cm in diameter but without substantial depth eg. psoriasis

55
Q

What is purpura

A

Describes a large macule or papule of blood in the skin. These do not blanch if a glass slide is pushed against them.eg Suction injury and further left Henoch-Schonlein purpura

56
Q

What is a papilloma

A

Nipple like mass projecting from the skin e.g. a skin tag

57
Q

What is petechiae

A

Are pinhead sized macules of blood in the skin e.g. Meningococcal disease

58
Q

What does reticulated mean

A

lace like

59
Q

What is a sinus

A

Cavity or channel which permits the escape of fluid or pus.eg Pilonidal sinus

60
Q

What is a stria

A

Streak like, linear, atrophic, pink, purple or white lesion of the skin due to changes in the connective tissue

61
Q

What does serpiginous mean

A

Edge of lesion is wavy

62
Q

What does targetoid mean

A

Rash that looks like a bulls eye

63
Q

What is Telangiectasis

A

Erythematous, fine linear lesion composed of capillaries produced by telangiectasia- visible dilastion of a small blood vessel
eg. Spider Angioma

64
Q

What is a tumour

A

Enlargement of the tissues by normal or pathological material or cells that form a mass more then 1 cm in diameter

65
Q

What is an ulcer

A

Is an area of the skin where the whole of the epidermis and at least part of the dermis has been lost. e.g. SCC

66
Q

What does verrucous mean

A

Very hyperkeratotic- similar to a wart

67
Q

What is a vesicle

A

Small fluid filled lesion that is less than 0.5mm in diameter eg. Chicken pox

68
Q

What does variegated mean

A

Multi-coloured

69
Q

What is a wheal

A

Is an elevated white compressible, short-lived area produced
by dermal oedema. It is often surrounded by red axon
mediated flare

70
Q

What does sclerotic mean

A

scar like

SSS (4 decks)

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