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ANSC3102 > Wk 1 (recap) > Flashcards

Wk 1 (recap) Flashcards

1
Q

Scrotum function

A

Cools testes

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2
Q

Testis function

A

Produce sperm and sex hormones

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3
Q

Epididymis function

A

Mature and store sperm

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4
Q

Ductus deferens function

A

Transport sperm

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5
Q

Accessory sex glands function

A

Produce seminal plasma

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6
Q

Penis function

A

Copulatory organ

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7
Q

Os penis is found in which species?

A

Cat & Dog

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8
Q

Ovary function

A

Produce oocytes and sex hormones

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9
Q

Oviduct function

A

Transport the oocyte

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10
Q

Uterus function

A

Supports development of the embryo and fetus

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11
Q

Cervix function

A

Protects uterine environment

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12
Q

Vagina and vestibule function

A

Copulatory organ, expels the fetus

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13
Q

What type of uteri does the mare have?

A

Bipartite

1 cervix
Prominent uterine body

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14
Q

What type of uteri does the dog & cat have?

A

Bipartite

1 cervix
Prominent uterine body

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15
Q

What type of uteri does the ewe have?

A

Bipartite

1 cervix
Prominent uterine body

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16
Q

What type of uteri do primates have?

A

Simplex

Bipartite

1 cervix
Prominent uterine body
No horns

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17
Q

What type of uteri do rats, mice and rabbits have?

A

Duplex

2 cervices
No body
Horns completely seperate

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18
Q

What type of uteri do pigs have?

A

Bicornuate

1 cervix
Small body

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19
Q

Primordial follicles

A

Formed before birth

Oocytes arrested at first meiotic division

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20
Q

Primary follicles

A

Oocytes surrounded by a single layer of follicular cells

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21
Q

Secondary follicles

A

Oocytes surrounded by more layers of follicular cells

Stimulated by gonadotrophins to produce E2

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22
Q

Tertiary (antral) follicles

A

Contains a fluid filled cavity (antrum)
Blister-like structure
Producing lots of oestrogen –> about to ovulate

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23
Q

Corpus Luteum

A

Producing lots of progesterone

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24
Q

Corpus albicans

A

Corpus luteum heals and forms scar tissue

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25
Q

Thecal cells

A

Surround and support the follcile

Thecal cells and granulosa cells work together to produce oestrogen

26
Q

Granulosa cells

A

Responds to FSH to produce oestrogen, inhibin and follicular fluid

Thecal cells and granulosa cells work together to produce oestrogen

27
Q

Cumulus oophorus

A

Promotes oocyte maturation and ovulation

28
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilised egg

29
Q

Embryo

A

Fertilised egg that has started dividing

30
Q

The sperm journey

A
  1. Sertoli cells
  2. Seminiferous tubules
  3. Rete tubules
  4. Efferent ducts
  5. Epididymis
  6. Ductus deferens
  7. Pelvic urethra
  8. Penile urethra
31
Q

The zygote journey

A
  1. Primordial follicle
  2. Primary secondary follicle
  3. Antral follicle
  4. Ovulation
  5. Oviduct
  6. Fertilisation
  7. Uterus
32
Q

What stage should the embryo be at by the time it reaches the uterus?

A

Blastocyst stage

It will then hatch out of the ZP and attachment will occur

33
Q

Parturition

brief summary

A 
Fetus signals readiness 
Placental secretions change from P4 to E2 
PGF2alpha secretion increases 
Oxytocin levels increase 
Labour induced 
Fetus expelled
34
Q

Vegetative stage of an animals life

A

Animal grows or maintains itself but is not reproductively active

35
Q

Reproductive phase of an animals life

A

Animal engages in activity designed to replicate itself

36
Q

R species

A 
Small body size 
Short lifespan 
Short gestation
Large litter 
Rapid rate of development 
Short birth interval 
Variable population size (e.g. Drought small population– rain comes – population booms)
37
Q

K species

A 
Large body size 
Long lifespan 
Long gestation 
Single offspring 
Slow rate of development 
Long birth interval 
Stable population size
38
Q

Are pigs a K or R species?

A

Pigs don’t fit either R or K species (characteristics of both)

39
Q

Reproductive –> vegetative states - Incorporation

A

Reproductive habits incorporated into vegetative lifestyle phase

E.g. Self fertilising bisexuals

40
Q

Reproductive –> vegetative states - Seperation

A

Complete separation of vegetative and reproductive phases

Some individals reproduce and others dont - e.g. bees

Terminal breeding - individuals breed then die e.g. salmon

41
Q

Reproductive –> vegetative states - Alternation

A

Switches between vegetative and reproductive lifestyle phases

Most animals and mostly seasonal

42
Q

Copulation time for rabbits

A

5-15 seconds

43
Q

Copulation time for bulls

A

10 seconds

44
Q

Copulation time for boars

A

15-20min

Tend to live in woodlands/forest so can afford to copulate for longer period of time

45
Q

Copulation time for dogs

A

5-15 mins (genital lock)

46
Q

Monogamy

A

Paired stable mating

e.g. geese

47
Q

Promiscuity

A

Indiscriminate mating within a group

E.g. Chimpanzees

48
Q

Polygamy

A

Individual has more than than one mate

49
Q

Polyandry

A

Female has many males

E.g. bees

50
Q

Polygyny

A

Male has many females - e.g. deer and seals

51
Q

Sexual determination of a female (brief)

A

No testis determining factor (TDF)
So ovaries develop
No AMH
Paramesonephric ducts become the oviducts, uterus, cervix and part of the vagina

52
Q

Sexual determination of a male (brief)

A

Testis determining factor (TDF) present
Testis develop
Sertoli cells secrete anti-mullerian hormone (AMH)
AMH causes degeneration of paramesonephric duct and causes Leydig cells to differentiate
This causes testosterone to be produced and development of male duct system

53
Q

Freemartinism

A

Infertile female with a male twin
Typical in cow twins
Female twin is exposed to anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) in blood supply of male twin, preventing or altering development of female tract

54
Q

Hormones immediately preceding puberty

A

Pituitary contains Gn’s but they are not secreted in large quantities

Peaks of Gn’s gradually increase closer to puberty

Follicles develop and secrete low levels of E2 but ovulation does not occur

Low level spermatogenesis may occur

55
Q

Significant events surrounding puberty

A

Physiological maturation:
Easing of negative feedback
Development of positive feedback in the female

Physical maturation:
Growth spurt (influence of steroids)
Development of sex organs
Production of gametes

Behavioural maturation:
Sexual behaviour and receptivity

56
Q

Indicators of puberty in males

A

Behavioral traits- mounting and ejaculation

First ejaculation (voluntary or spontaneous)

Spermatozoa present in urine and/or ejaculate

Ejaculate contains threshold numbers of spermatozoa

Male is capable of coitus and ejaculating sufficient good quality spermatozoa to result in fertilization

57
Q

Indicators of puberty in females

A

Commencement of cycling – first oestrus

First ovulation – may be silent

Physical maturation to be able to support pregnancy without negative effect on mother

Capable of ovulation of an ova which can be fertilized and carried to term (related to body size and involved development of whole tract)

58
Q

Initiation of puberty

A

Pineal gland secretes melatonin; melatonin stimulates GnRH secretion

Manipulation of melatonin levels can cause precocious puberty and influence of glucose and/or leptin (think threshold of blood glucose or leptin that trigger puberty- means size of animal relates to puberty – growing animal needs energy blood sugar/fat low – mature adult can increase blood sugar/fat levels)

59
Q

Malnutrition and puberty

A

Under-nutrition retards puberty – protective mechanism against pregnancy

Severe or prolonged malnutrition leads to a permanent growth check (and potential subfertility)

Puberty can be advanced by heavy feeding (except in pigs)

60
Q

Use of hormones to artificially induce puberty

A

Stimulation of follicular growth can be achieved with exogenous FSH or equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG)

Ovulation can be initiated with LH or human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) – similar effect to LH except in primates

Melatonin can be administered to trigger increased production of GnRH, leading to an endocrine cascade that triggers puberty

Can only be done close to time of normal puberty when secondary organs (e.g. uterus) are sufficiently matured

61
Q

Reproductive senescence (females)

A

Reduction in number of breeding opportunities

Polyoestrous animals – more silent heats
Monoestrous animals – increased interval between oestrous cycle

Decreased conception rates

Decreased litter size

Increased prenatal losses, dystocia, mismothering and reduced lactation

Increased in chromosomal disorders e.g. Downs Syndrome

Increased spontaneous abortion

Increased aborted fetuses with chromosomal disorders

62
Q

Reproductive senescence in males

A

Males generally fertile until death - continue to produce spermatozoa but fertility does decline

BUT
May become physically incapacitated and unable to mount
There is a gradual decline in sexual interest from peri-pubertal stage

ANSC3102 (3 decks)

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