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Early/Medieval Church History > Wk. 1 - Introduction & 2nd Century > Flashcards

Wk. 1 - Introduction & 2nd Century Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is studying church history important?

A

God, Bible, & History are linked
Christian History is our History
We make history when we study history
Studying history can help us respond to similar situations today

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2
Q

Describe Palestine

A

Where Christianity first appeared.
Land of strife and suffering
Trade Crossroads for Egypt, Mesopotamia, Asia Minor & Arabia

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3
Q

When did Alexander the Great defeat Persia?

A

4th Century BCE. He died shortly after

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4
Q

What is Hellenism?

A

Alexander sought to spread Greek culture by mixing it with conquered cultures.

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5
Q

How did Hellenism threaten Jewish & Christian Faith?

A

Challenged faith in a single god

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6
Q

Who are the Maccabees

A

Led a rebellion in the 2nd century BCE & Gained some measure of religious and political independence

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7
Q

Who did the successors of the Maccabees give way to?

A

The Seleucids, successors of Alexander in Syria

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8
Q

When did Rome (Pompey) conquer Jerusalem?

A

63 BCE

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9
Q

How did Rome treat conquered religions & cultures?

A

Generally tolerant. Mixed religions like Alexander

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10
Q

Who is Herod the Great?

A

Appointed King of Judea by Romans in 40 BCE

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11
Q

Why did the Jews rebel against Herod the Great?

A

He put a Roman Eagle on the Temple. He suppressed this uprising with force.

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12
Q

When did Rome intervene and how?

A

70 CE, Destruction of the Temple

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13
Q

Who are the Pharisees?

A

Jewish sect that were faithful to the law & tried to make it relevant to new circumstances

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14
Q

Who were the Sadducees?

A

More conservative Jewish sect. Generally aristocratic & interest primarily on the Temple

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15
Q

What were the two fundamentals of all Jews?

A

Ethical Monotheism - One God that cared about Proper Worship & proper Relations with other humans
Eschatological Hope - God would one day intervene for Israel

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16
Q

Why did Jewish Diaspora result in biblical translations?

A

Jews outside of Israel forgot the Hebrew language

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17
Q

What is the Septuagint

A

Original translation of the Hebrew Bible into Greek

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18
Q

Why is it called the Septuagint?

A

Myth is that 70 Jewish scholars charged with translating the Hebrew Bible independently all came up with the same translation.

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19
Q

Who is Philo of Alexandria

A

Contemporary of Jesus who tried to show that Pagan philosophy agreed with Hebrew scriptures

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20
Q

Who believed that the God of Scriptures was the same supreme being espoused by philosophers?

A

Philo of Alexandria

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21
Q

How did Philo of Alexandria help early Christians?

A

They could use his teachings to give their faith credibility to the pagan cultures

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22
Q

How did Roman culture create tension with Jewish/Christian faith?

A

Mixed religions and Emperor worship

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23
Q

What is Syncretism

A

mixing of elements from various religions

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24
Q

How were the Jews and Christians viewed by Romans?

A

Unbending fanatics

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25
Q

What two philosophies did Christians use to combat views of fanaticism?

A

Platonism & Stocism

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26
Q

What is Platonism?

A

Philosophy of Plato and his teacher Socrates that criticized the ancient gods, believed in a single supreme being and immortality of the soul

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27
Q

What is Stocism

A

Philosophy that held to high moral standards which sought to understand nature, obey it and adjust to it

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28
Q

What are the four virtues of stoicism?

A

Moral Insight, Courage, Self-control, & Justice

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29
Q

What were the two Jewish/Christian sects discussed in the Book of Acts?

A

Hellenists & Hebrews

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30
Q

Who were the Hellenists

A

Those who showed openness to Hellenistic culture

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31
Q

Who were the Hebrews?

A

Those who kept the customs and language of their ancestors

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32
Q

What claims were the earliest Christians making regarding Judaism?

A

That fulfillment had come in the Messiah

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33
Q

Where was authority vested in the early Church?

A

Primarily in the 12 Apostles, also in James brother of Jesus

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34
Q

What church was James, brother of Christ, the leader of?

A

Church of Jerusalem

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35
Q

Who ordered the death of James brother of John and Peter?

A

Herod Agrippa, Grandson to Herod the Great

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36
Q

What year was James the Brother of Jesus killed?

A

62CE

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37
Q

Who contributed most to earliest Christian expansion Hellenists or Hebrews? & Why?

A

Hellenists, they were the first to be persecuted and thus scattered

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38
Q

Who primarily spread Christianity?

A

Regular folk. Merchants, Slaves, and other travelers

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39
Q

Where did early Christians primarily worship?

A

Home churches

40
Q

Why was worship divided into Word and Table?

A

All could be present for the Word, only baptized could be present for the Table

41
Q

How did Jews initially view Christians?

A

Heretical sect of Judaism

42
Q

Who became Emperor in October 54CE?

A

Nero

43
Q

How was Nero viewed

A

Initially okay but later rumored to be Mad & Power Hungry

44
Q

What was the Fire in Rome

A

A large fire broke out that lasted many days and destroyed much of the city. Many thought Nero caused it but Nero blamed Christians

45
Q

When was Nero deposed?

A

68 CE

46
Q

Who Succeeded Nero?

A

Vespasian then his son Titus?

47
Q

Which emperor sought the money Jews would normally send to Jerusalem?

A

Domitian

48
Q

Who was appointed Governor of Bithynia in 111 CE?

A

Pliny the Younger

49
Q

What would Pliny do to Christians?

A

Bring them in and ask them if they were Christian. Those who said No were asked to pray to the gods, burn incense to an image of the Emperor and curse Christ.
Those who said yes were given 3 chances to renounce the faith then were executed

50
Q

Who did Pliny write to & why?

A

Emperor Trajan. To ask if he should be persecuting Christians just because they were Christian

51
Q

What did Trajan say regarding persecuting Christians?

A

Do it if they are accused and brought before authorities but dont go to the trouble of seeking them out.

52
Q

When did Marcus Aurelius become emperor?

A

161 CE

53
Q

How did Marcus treat Christians

A

Continued the persecution

54
Q

What did Christian safety depend on in the 2nd century?

A

Largely the good-will of their neighbors

55
Q

What was the name of the Christians who sought to clear up misconceptions about the faith?

A

The Apologists

56
Q

What were some rumors about Christian Faith?

A

Love Feasts were Incetious Drunken orgies
Communion was child sacrifice and cannibalism

57
Q

What were the two ways Christians tried to approach pagan culture in the 2nd Century?

A

Radical Opposition and Reconciliation

58
Q

How did Tatian view pagan culture

A

Attacked Greek Culture

59
Q

What is the Doctrine of the Logos

A

Justin Martyrs doctrine that Classical Wisdom had some truth because wisdom comes from God.

60
Q

What heretical sect believed all matter was evil?

A

Gnosticism

61
Q

What is Docetism?

A

The heretical believe that Jesus was only divine but put on the appearance of human.

62
Q

Did Marcion like the Jews?

A

Nope

63
Q

What did Marcion believe about God?

A

The God of the OT was evil and different than the God of the NT.

64
Q

How did the church respond to heresy?

A

Canon, Creeds, and Apostolic Succession

65
Q

What was the core NT Canon at the end of the 2nd Century?

A

Gospels, Acts, Epistles of Paul

66
Q

What was the Apostles Creed called initially?

A

The Symbol of the Faith

67
Q

What is Apostolic Succession

A

Church’s response to heresy stating that they have direct lines to the Apostles.

68
Q

Where did the earliest non-scripture Christian writings come from?

A

The Apostolic Fathers

69
Q

What did the Catechumines teach

A

Moral life, Prayer, and Doctrine

70
Q

When did Baptism usually happen

A

At Easter

71
Q

What three questions were asked of those joining the church?

A

Do you believe in God? Do you believe in Jesus? Do you believe in the Holy Ghost, Church, and Resurrection?

72
Q

Summarize Baptism according to the Apostolic Fathers

A

Dying of sin, rising in Christ

73
Q

What is a notable writing of the Apostolic Fathers?

A

The Didache

74
Q

What is Apology in the context of Christian Apologetics?

A

Rebutting false claims & Arguing the truth.

75
Q

What were three notable things about Justin Martyer

A

God as Transcendent “Other”
God begot the Logos (God’s Thought/The Word)
Exegetical Method (Typological/OT points to NT)

76
Q

Who formed the first canon?

A

Marcion. Attempted to remove Jewish influences

77
Q

What provoked the church to begin putting together a list of authoritative writings?

A

Marcion’s canon

78
Q

What did Gnostic Christians believe was necessary

A

Freeing immortal spirit from physical world through gaining secrete knowledge

79
Q

Who wrote “Against Heresies?”

A

Irenaeus of Lyon

80
Q

Who was Irenaeus a disciple of?

A

Polycarp

81
Q

What is the Doctrine of Apostolic Succession?

A

The Norm that error was distinguished from truth was the doctrine received from the Apostles.

82
Q

What did Irenaeus believe about Gnostic claims of “Secret Knowledge?”

A

If Jesus did pass down secret knowledge he would have passed it to his disciples, who would have passed it to those they put in charge of the church (Bishops and elders)

83
Q

Why does Irenaeus (And Christians) believe Apostolic Succession is more trustworthy than Gnostic “Secret Knowledge?”

A

Church tradition was passed down publicly and openly from Apostle to bishop to bishop…..

84
Q

Did a church need a direct link to an apostle to be apostolic?

A

No, their teachings just needed to be in line with the apostolic teachings. Since some had a direct link, if we agree with them, we’re apostolic too…..

85
Q

What was Irenaeus’ criteria for a New Testament?

A

Apostolicity - Written by an apostle or their followers or relied upon to contain apostolic testimony

86
Q

Who was the first to speak of a New Testament

A

Irenaeus

87
Q

Why did Irenaeus think heretics misunderstood the structure of the Bible?

A

They could quote it but they change the pattern to fit their views.

88
Q

What does Irenaeus claim is the underlying structure?

A

The Rule of Truth

89
Q

What is the Rule of Truth

A

Summary of universal teachings of the church derived from the Apostles

90
Q

What are 4 parts of the Rule of Truth

A

God, Word, Humanity, & Incarnation

91
Q

Explain the Incarnation according to Irenaeus

A

God always intended the incarnation to unite humanity with God. After the Fall it took on the added purpose of redeeming humanity. God participates in human life so we can participate in God’s life.

92
Q

What is Divinization

A

God became what we are (Through incarnation of Jesus) so that we can become what God is (not literally, but to grow)

93
Q

What is Irenaeus’ Doctrine of Recapitulation

A

Christ becomes the New Adam, the head of the New Humanity. Succeeds where Adam failed

94
Q

Compare Adam & Jesus according to the Doctrine of Recapitulation

A

Adam born of virgin soil, Jesus born of Virgin Mary. Adam “died” from the fruit of the tree, Jesus died on the tree of the cross. Adam alienated humanity from God, Christ unified humanity with God.

95
Q

What is the role of the church in the work of Recapitulation

A

The church carries out this work but only if it is truly Christ’s body. Heretics were a threat to this.

96
Q

What was Irenaeus’ main argument against the Gnostics in Against Heresies?

A

The Doctrine of Apostolic Succession.

97
Q
A

Early/Medieval Church History (4 decks)

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