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RTCA241 Radiobiology > Wk 1: Human Biology > Flashcards

Wk 1: Human Biology Flashcards

1
Q

The study of the effects of ionizing radiation on biologic tissue:

A

Radiobiology

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2
Q

What is the primary goal of Radiobiology?

A

To research the effects of radiation on humans & to make it safe in diagnostic and therapeutic use

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3
Q

What are considered “early effects” in Radiobiology?

A

Local tissue damage (skin, gonads), Hematologic depression, Gastrointestinal Syndrome and Central Nervous System Syndrome

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4
Q

What are considered “late effects” in Radiobiology?

A

Leukemia, Eye Damage and Certain Cancers (bone, thyroid, breast and lung)

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5
Q

What concept is termed: as dose increases an increase in severity (radiation injuries) will occur?

A

Deterministic Effect

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6
Q

When do Deterministic Effects occur?

A

Within days after high radiation exposure

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7
Q

What concept is termed” effects that occur from an exposure that appears later (years)?

A

Stochastic Effect

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8
Q

What is the % make up of a human cell?

A

80% Water
15% Protein
2% Lipids (Fats)
1% each of Carbohydrates (sugars/starches), Nucleic Acid, and Other

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9
Q

What molecules are considered life supporting and contain carbon?

A

Organic Molecules

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10
Q

What is the rarest organic molecule?

A

DNA (it is considered radiosensitive)

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11
Q

Who are the two individuals that developed Cell Theory?

A 
Theodore Shwann (1st & 2nd principles)
Rudolf Virchow (3rd prinicple)
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12
Q

What are the three principles of Cell Theory?

A 
#1 All organisms are made of 1 or more cells
#2 Cells are the basic building blocks of life
#3 All cells come from existing cells
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13
Q

Who are the two individuals that showed that plants and animals contains cells as their basic functional units?

A

Schlieiden and Schwann

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14
Q

Who accurately described a living cell based on his microscopic observations?

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1673)

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15
Q

What regulates cellular activity and contains the master chemical; which has all the information necessary for a cell to function?

A

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

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16
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Tiny rod-shaped bodies that are composed of DNA

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17
Q

How many chromosomes are in the normal human body?

A

There are 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

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18
Q

What are the basic units of heredity?

A

Genes

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19
Q

What are the two types of cells found in the human body?

A

Genetic & Somatic Cells

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20
Q

What are Genetic Cells in males & females?

A

The genetic cell in females are called oogonium

The genetic cell in males are called spermatogonium

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21
Q

What are Somatic Cells?

A

Somatic Cells are all other cells found in the human body

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22
Q

What are the three different names of “immature” cells?

A

Stem cells, Precursor cells and Undifferentiated cells

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23
Q

What is a cell membrane? Define its function.

A

The cell membrane is a structure encasing and surrounding the cell; it protects cellular contents from their outside environment and controls the passage of water and other materials into and out of the cell

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24
Q

What is cytoplasm? Define its function.

A

The cytoplasm is the protoplasm that exists outside the cells’ nucleus; it makes up the majority of the cell and eliminating waste products

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25
Q

List the five important details about water in human biology.

A

Constitute 80% - 85% of protoplasm, Most abundant molecule and most simplest, The most important inorganic substances are water and mineral salts (electrolytes), Water aids in sustaining life, and Maintains body temperature

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26
Q

List the five important details about protein in human biology.

A

Constitute about 15% of cell content, Essential for growth and the construction of new body tissue, Principle component is amino acid, Provide structure and support, Functions as enzymes, hormones and antibodies

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27
Q

List the six important details about lipids in human biology.

A

Constitute 2% of cell content, Also referred to as fats or fatlike substances, Organic macromolecule, Contains glycerol and fatty acids, Present in all tissues in the body, Stores fat under the skin and serves as a thermal insulator

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28
Q

List the six important details about Carbohydrates in human biology.

A

Make up about 1% of cell content, Provide fuel for cell metabolism, Also called: saccharides. Monosaccharides and disaccharides are all sugars, Glucose is the ultimate molecule that fuels the body, Important structural parts of cell walls and intercellular materials, Most abundantly in the liver and in muscle tissue

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29
Q

List the four important details about Nucleic Acids in human biology.

A

Compose about 1% of the cell, Two principal nucleic acids DNA and RNA, DNA located principally in the nucleus of the cell, RNA located principally in the cytoplasm

30
Q

What is Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

Enables the cell to communicate with the extracellular environment and transfer food from one part of the cell to another

31
Q

What are called the “engines” of cells?

A

Mitochondria, they a bean-like shaped structures, macromolecules are digested here to produce energy for the cell

32
Q

What is the site of protein synthesis which are found in cytoplasm?

A

Ribosomes, they are small dot-like structures, essential to normal cellular function

33
Q

What contains enzymes capable of digesting cellular fragments and helps control intracellular contaminants?

A

Lysosomes, they are small pea-like sacs

34
Q

What is the “Atomic Composition” of the body?

A

60% Hydrogen

  1. 7% Oxygen
  2. 7% Carbon
  3. 4% Nitrogen
  4. 2% Calcium
  5. 1% Phosphorus
  6. 1% Sulfur
  7. 8% Trace Elements
35
Q

Radiobiology is:

A

The study of the effects of ionizing radiation on biologic tissue (yellow box in textbook)

36
Q

Macromolecules are:

A

Very large molecules that sometimes consist of hundreds of thousands of atoms (yellow box in textbook)

37
Q

What is the most abundant molecule in the human body?

A

Water

38
Q

What does Metabolism consist of?

A

Anabolism & Catabolism

39
Q

What is Anabolism?

A

The process of synthesizing smaller molecules into a larger macromolecule

40
Q

What is Catabolism?

A

The process that creates energy for a cell by breaking down molecular nutrients that are brought to and diffused through the cell membrane

41
Q

What are Enzymes?

A

Molecules that are necessary in small quantities to allow a biochemical reaction to continue even though they do not directly enter into the reaction

42
Q

What are Hormones?

A

Molecules that exercise regulatory control over some body function, such a growth and development; they are produced and secreted by the endocrine glands (pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas & gonads)

43
Q

What are Antibodies?

A

They are the primary defense mechanism of the body against infection and disease

44
Q

What is the chief function of carbohydrates?

A

The chief function of carbohydrates in the body is to provide fuel for cell metabolism (yellow box in textbook)

45
Q

What is the radio-sensitive target molecule?

A

DNA (yellow box in textbook)

46
Q

What are the only two possible base bondings in DNA?

A

Adenine-thymine and Cytosine-guanine (yellow box in textbook)

47
Q

What is Cell Proliferation?

A

The act of a single cell or group of cells to reproduce and multiply in number (yellow box in textbook)

48
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

The process of somatic cell division wherein a parent cell divides to form two daughter cells identical to the parent cell

49
Q

What are the four subphases of Mitosis?

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

50
Q

What is Prophase?

A

Phase in cell division during which the nucleus and the chromosomes enlarge and the DNA begins to take structural form (1st subphase)

51
Q

What is Metaphase?

A

Phase of cell division during which the chromosomes are divisible (2nd subphase)

52
Q

What is Anaphase?

A

Phase during which chromatids repel one another and migrate along the mitotic spindle to opposite sides of the cell (3rd subphase)

53
Q

What is Telophase?

A

Phase during which the disappearance of structural chromosomes into a mass of DNA and the closing off of the nuclear membrane into two nuclei (4th subphase)

54
Q

Which subphase of Mitosis is Radiation-induced chromosome damage analyzed?

A

Metaphase (2nd subphase)

55
Q

What is Meiosis?

A

The process of germ cell division that reduces the chromosomes in each daughter cell to half the number of chromosomes in the parent cell

The Process whereby genetic cells undergo reduction division (yellow box in textbook)

56
Q

What cells are more sensitive to radiation that mature cells?

A

Stem Cells

57
Q

What cells have HIGH radiosensitivity?

A

Lymphocytes, Spermatogonia, Erythroblasts

58
Q

What cells have INTERMEDIATE radiosensitivity?

A

Intestinal crypt cells, Endothelial cells, Osetoblasts, Spermatids

59
Q

What cells have LOW radiosensitivity?

A

Fibroblasts, Muscle cells, Nerve cells

60
Q

What is an overall integrated organization of tissue and organs called?

A

Organ System

61
Q

What are the principle organ system of the body?

A

Nervous, Digestive, Endocrine, and Reproductive

62
Q

What are the effects of fetal irradiation:

A

Childhood Malignancy, Congenital Malformation, Diminished Growth & Development, Neonatal Death

63
Q

Who described the molecular structure of DNA in 1953?

A

Watson and Crick

64
Q

Approximately what percentage of the body is water?

A

80%

65
Q

When somatic cells divide and proliferate, they undergo a process known as:

A

Mitosis

66
Q

What are the sites of protein synthesis that are essential to normal function?

A

Ribosomes

67
Q

What contains enzymes capable of digesting cell fragments?

A

Lysosomes

68
Q

The production of large molecules from small is called:

A

Anabolism

69
Q

Which of the following are present in the tissues of the body and are the structural components of cell membranes?

A

Lipids

70
Q

During which of the following subphases of the meiosis does each chromosome split at the centromere, so that two chromatids are connected by a fiber to the poles of the nucleus?

A

Anaphase

71
Q

Which of the following is the concept of the relative constancy of the internal environment of the human body?

A

Homeostasis

RTCA241 Radiobiology (1 decks)

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