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wk 1 Flashcards

1
Q

continuous, regulated process of blood cell
production

A

HEMATOPOIESIS

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2
Q
  • In healthy adults hematopoiesis is
    restricted primarily to the
A

bone marrow.

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3
Q

can be characterized as a select
distribution of embryonic cells in specific
sites that rapidly change during
development

A

HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM

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4
Q

cell is capable of self-renewal (i.e.,
replenishment) and directed differentiation
into all required cell lineages.

A

HEMATOPOIETIC STEM

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5
Q
  • 19th day of embryonic development
A

MESOBLASTIC PHASE

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6
Q

Some of the cells from primitive
erythroblasts in the central cavity of the yolk
sac

A

MESOBLASTIC PHASE

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7
Q

MESOBLASTIC PHASE

A

19th day of embryonic development
- Cells from mesoderm migrate to the yolk
sac
- Some of the cells from primitive
erythroblasts in the central cavity of the yolk
sac
Primitive erythroblasts are important
Early embryonic development
- Produces hemoglobin needed for delivery of
oxygen to rapidly developing embryonic
tissues
● Cells of mesodermal origin also migrate to
the aorta-gonadmesonephros (AGM) region
and give rise to hematopoietic stem cells
(HSCs) for definitive or permanent adult
hematopoiesis

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8
Q

only site of definitive hematopoiesis
during embryonic development.

A

AGM Region

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9
Q
  • 5 to 7 gestational weeks
A

HEPATIC PHASE

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10
Q

clusters of developing erythroblasts,
granulocytes, and monocytes colonizing the
fetal liver, thymus, spleen, placenta, and
ultimately the bone marrow space in the
final medullary phase.

A

HEPATIC PHASE

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11
Q
  • Developing erythroblasts signal the
    beginning of definitive hematopoiesis
    with decline inprimitive hematopoiesis of
    yolk sac
  • Lymphoid cells begin to appear
A

HEPATIC PHASE

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12
Q

Occurs extravascularly, with the liver
remaining the major site of
hematopoiesis during the second trimester
of fetal life

A

HEPATIC PHASE

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13
Q

Hematopoiesis in AGM region and yolk sac
disappear during this stage

A

HEPATIC PHASE

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14
Q

peak and min activity iof hepatic hase

A

Hematopoiesis in fetal liver reaches its
peak by third month of fetal
development, gradually declines after
sixth month , retaining minimal activity until
1 to 2 weeks after birth

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15
Q

Hematopoietic activity, especially myeloid
activity, is apparent during this stage

A

MEDULLARY PHASE

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16
Q

14th and 15th month begins between fourth
and fifth month of fetal developme

A

MEDULLARY PHASE

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17
Q

Myeloid-to-erythroid ratio gradually
approaches

A

3:1 to 4:1 (normal adult levels)

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18
Q

By the end of ___________, bone
marrow becomes the primary site of
hematopoiesis

A

By the end of 24 weeks’ gestation, bone
marrow becomes the primary site of
hematopoiesis

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19
Q

consists of the bone
marrow and thymus and is where T and B
lymphocytes are derived

A

Primary lymphoid tissue -

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20
Q

where lymphoid
cells respond to foreign antigens, consists of the
spleen, lymph nodes, and mucosa-associated
lymphoid tissue

A

Secondary lymphoid tissue -

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21
Q
  • projections of calcified bone
A

TRABACULAE

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22
Q

forming a three dimensional matrix
resembling a honeycomb

A

Trabeculae

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23
Q

Two major componensts of normal marrow:

A

Red marrow

  • active marrow
  • composed of developing blood cells and
    their progenitors

Yellow Marrow

  • inactive marrow
  • composed primarily of adipocytes (fat cells)
    with undeffirentiated mesenchymel cells and
    macrophages
  • scattered throughout the red marrow so that
    in adults, there is approximately equal amounts of red and yellow marrow in these
    areas
  • capable of reverting back to active marrow
    in cases of increased demand on the bone
    marrow, such as in excessive blood loss or
    hemolysi
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24
Q

WHEMNN - all
the bones in the body contain primarily red (active)
marrow

A

nfancy and Early Childhoood

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25
Q

adipocytes
become more abundant and begin to occupy the
spaces in the long bones previously dominated by
active marrow.

A

Between 5 and 7 years of age - a

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26
Q

rocess of replacing the active marrow by
adipocytes (yellow marrow) during
development

A

Retrogression

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27
Q

Bone Marrow Composition

A

STROMAL, HEMATOPOIOTIC, BV

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28
Q

reguation of hematopoietic system and
progenitor cell survival and differentiation

A

STROMAL CELL

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29
Q

they play a role in regulating the volume of
the marrow in which active hematopoiesis
occur

A

Adipocytes

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30
Q

ecrete cytokines or growth factors (may
positively stimulate HSC numbers and bone
homeostasis

A

ADIPOCYTE

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31
Q

form an incomplete layer of cells on the
abluminal surface of the vascular sinuses

A

Reticular Aventitial Cells

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32
Q

extend long, reticular fibers into the
perivascular space that form a supporting
lattice for the developing hematopoietic cells

A

Reticular Aventitial Cells

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33
Q

composed of the hematopoietic cells and
macrophages arranged in extravascular CORDS

A

RED MARROW

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34
Q

spaces between the vascular sinuses IN RED MARROW

A

CORD

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35
Q

spaces between the vascular sinuses.

A

CORDS

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36
Q

erythroid precursors
- develop in small clusters, and the more
mature forms are located adjacent to the
outer surfaces of the vascular sinuses.

A

Erythroblasts

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37
Q

adjacent to the walls of the vascular
sinuses

A

Megakaryotes

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38
Q

acilitates the release of platelets into the
lumen of the sinus

A

Megakaryotes

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39
Q

Immature myeloid (granulocytic) cells
LOC

A
  • through the metamyelocyte stage are
    located deep within the cords.
  • As they mature, they move closer to the
    vascular sinuses
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40
Q

Supplement nutrient and oxygen
requirements of the marrow

A

Periosteal arteries

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41
Q

Periosteal arteries
ENTER BLOODSTREAM VIA

A

FORAMINA

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42
Q

Arteriole branches that enter the inner lining
of cortical bone (endosteum) form sinusoids

A

endosteum (endosteal beds),

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43
Q

provides nutrients for
osseous bone and marrow

A

Periosteal arteries

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44
Q

Hematopoietic cells located in endosteal
bed receive their nutrients from

A

nutrient
arterY

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45
Q

form an extracellular matrix in the
niche to promote cell adhesion and regulate HSCs
through complex signaling networks involving
cytokines, adhesion molecules, and maintenance
proteins

A

Stromal cells

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46
Q

regulate migration of HSC to vascular
niche

A

CXCL12

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47
Q

major site of blood cell production during the
second trimester of fetal development

A

LIVER

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48
Q

major site of blood cell production during second trimester of fetal development

A

LIVER

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49
Q

hepatocytes have many
functions:

A

● Protein synthesis and degradation
● Coagulation factor synthesis
● Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
● Drug and toxin clearance
● Iron recycling and storage
● Hemoglobin degradation, in which bilirubin
is conjugated and transported to small
intestine for eventual excretion

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50
Q

Lumen of sinusoids contains

A

Kupffer cells
that maintain contact with endothelial cell
lining

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51
Q

macrophages that remove senescent cells
and foreign debris from blood that circulates
through the liver

A

Kupffer cells

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52
Q

also secrete mediators that regulate protein
synthesis in hepatocytes

A

Kupffer cells

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53
Q

hereditary or acquired defects in the
enzymes

A

Porphyrias

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54
Q

nvolved in heme biosynthesis result in the
accumulation of the various intermediary
porphyrins that damage hepatocytes,
erythrocyte precursors, and other tissues

A

Porphyrias

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55
Q

iver increases the conjugation of bilirubin
and the storage of iron

A

Severe Hemolytic Anemia

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56
Q

Blood cell that produced when liver
maintains hematopoietic stem and
progenitor cells

A

Extramedullary hematopoiesis

57
Q

The production is as a response to
infectious agents or in pathologic
myelofibrosis of the bone marro

A

Extramedullary hematopoiesis

58
Q

Directly affected by storage diseases of
monocyte/macrophage (Kupffer) cells as a result of
enzyme deficiencies that cause hepatomegaly with
ultimate dysfunction of the liver

A

Extramedullary hematopoiesis

59
Q

As blood enters the spleen, it may follow
one of two route

A

slow-transit pathway through the red pulp in which the RBCs pass circuitously through the
macrophagelined cords before
reaching the sinuses. Plasma freely enters the sinuses, but the RBCs have a more difficult time passing through the tiny openings created by the interendothelial junctions of adjacent endothelial cells

rapid-transit pathway, blood cells enter the splenic artery and passdirectly to the sinuses in the red pulp and continue to the venous system to exit the spleen When splenomegaly occurs, the spleen becomes enlarged and is palpable

60
Q

occurs as a result of many
conditions, such as chronic
leukemias, inherited
membrane or enzyme
defects in RBCs,
hemoglobinopathies,
Hodgkin disease,
thalassemia, malaria, and the
myeloproliferative disorders

A

rapid-transit pathway

61
Q

may be beneficial in cases of excessive destruction of RBCs, such as
autoimmune hemolytic anemia when treatment with corticosteroids does not effectively suppress hemolysis or in severe hereditary spherocytosis

A

Splenectomy

62
Q

after splenectomy, platelet and leukocyte
counts

A

increase transiently

63
Q

n sickle cell anemia, repeated splenic
infarcts caused by sickled RBCs trapped in
the small-vessel circulation of the spleen
cause tissue damage and necrosis, which
often results in

A

autosplenectomy

64
Q

s an enlargement of the spleen resulting in
some degree of pancytopenia despite the
presence of a hyperactive bone marrow

A

Hypersplenism

65
Q

LYMPH NODE

A
  • located along the lymphatic capillaries that
    parallel, but are not part of, the circulatory
    system
  • Bean-shaped structures (1 to 5 mm in
    diameter) that occur in groups or chains at
    various intervals along lymphatic vessels
  • May be superficial or deep
66
Q

Filters particulate matter, debris, and
bacteria” entering via lymph

A

LYMPH NODE

67
Q

is the fluid portion of blood that
escapes into the connective tissue and is
characterized by a low protein concentration
and the absence of RBCs

A

Lymph

68
Q

carry circulating lymph to the lymph nodes

A

Afferent lymphatic vessels

69
Q

outer capsule forms ____- that radiate through the cortex and provide support for the macrophages and lymphocytes located in the node

IN LYMPH

A

`outer capsule forms trabeculae that
radiate through the cortex and provide
support for the macrophages and
lymphocytes located in the node

70
Q

Located between the cortex and the

A

medulla is a region called the paracortex

71
Q

PARACORTEX PREDOM CON OF

A

predominantly consists of plasma
cells and B cellspredominantly consists of plasma
cells and B cells

72
Q

After antigenic stimulation, the cortical
region of some follicles develop foci of
activated B cell proliferation called

A

GERMINAL CENTER

73
Q

Follicles with germinal centers are called
_____, while those without
are called _________

A

Follicles with germinal centers are called
secondary follicles, while those without
are called primary follicles

74
Q

The medullary cords lie toward the ______. These cords consist
primarily of __________

A

The medullary cords lie toward the interior
of the lymph node. These cords consist
primarily of plasma cells and B cells

75
Q

Functions of Lymph node

A
  1. site of lymphocyte proliferation from the
    germinal centers,
  2. they are involved in the initiation of the
    specific immune response to foreign
    antigens
  3. they filter particulate matter, debris, and
    bacteria entering the lymph node via the
    lymph
76
Q

__ is when an increased number of
microbes enter the nodes, overwhelming
the macrophages and causing infection in
our lymph nodes

A

Adenitis

77
Q

Thymus
- Originates from

A

endodermal and
mesenchymal tissue

78
Q

populated initially by lymphocytes from the
yolk sac and the liver

A

Thymus

79
Q

characterized by a blood supply
system that is unique in that it
consists only of capillaries

A

Cortex

80
Q

Its function seems to be that of a
“waiting zone,” which is densely
populated with progenitor T cells

A

Cortex

81
Q

Contains only 5% nature T
lymphocytes and seems to be a
holding zone OF MATURE T CELLS TILL NEEDED

A

MEDULLA

82
Q

Size of thymus is related to (

A

age

83
Q

Nondevelopment of the thymus during
gestation results in the

A

lack of formation of T
lymphocytes

84
Q

Related manifestations seen in patients with
this condition are failure to thrive,
uncontrollable infections, and death in
infanc

A

THYMUS

85
Q

s when blood
cell production that occurs during the
mesoblastic stage of developmen

A

Primitive hematopoiesis

86
Q

egins during
the fetal liver stage and continues through
adult life

A

Definitive hematopoiesis

87
Q

apable of self-renewal and the
production of differentiated progeny

A

CFU

88
Q

represents what we now refer to as
committed myeloid progenitors or (CFU GEMM

A
  • Colony-forming units–spleen (CFU-S)
89
Q

capable of giving
rise to multiple lineages of blood
cells

A
  • Colony-forming units–spleen (CFU-S)
90
Q

Morphologically unrecognizable hematopoietic
progenitor cells can be divided into two major
types:

A
  1. noncommitted or undifferentiated stem cells
  2. multipotential and committed progenitor
    cells
91
Q

two theories describing the origin of
hematopoietic progenitor cells:

A

monophyletic
and polyphyletic theory

92
Q

suggests that all blood cells are derived
from a single progenitor stem cell called a
pluripotent stem cell

A

The monophyletic theory

93
Q

suggests that each of the blood cell
lineages is derived from its own unique
stem cell. T

A

polyphyletic theory

94
Q
  • Characteristics of stem cells:
A
  1. capable of self-renewal,
  2. give rise to differentiated progeny
  3. able to reconstitute the
    hematopoietic system of a lethally
    irradiated host
95
Q
  • lineage-specific progenitor cells consists
A
  1. common lymphoid progenitor,;
  2. the common myeloid progenitor,
96
Q

which proliferates and differentiates
into lymphocytes of T, B, and natural
killer lineages;

A

common lymphoid progenitor,

97
Q

the
which proliferates and differentiates
into individual granulocytic,
erythrocytic, monocytic, and
megakaryocytic lineage

A

common myeloid progenitor,

98
Q

HSCs are directed to one of three possible
fates:

A
  1. self renewal
  2. differentiation,
  3. apoptosis.
99
Q

When the HSC divides, it gives rise to

A

two
identical daughter cells:

100
Q

Both daughter cells may follow the
path of differentiation, leaving the
stem cell pool (

A

symmetric division),

101
Q

one daughter cell may return to the
stem cell pool and the other
daughter cell may follow the path of
differentiation (????????????????????
or undergo apoptosis

A

one daughter cell may return to the
stem cell pool and the other
daughter cell may follow the path of
differentiation (asymmetric division)
or undergo apoptosis

102
Q

hypothesized that hematopoiesis is a
random process whereby the HSCs
randomly commits to self-renewal or
differentiation

A

Stochastic model of hematopoiesis

103
Q

ater studies suggested that the
microenvironment in the bone marrow
determines whether the stem cell will
self-renew or differentiate

A

Instructive model of hematopoiesis).

104
Q

suggests that HSCs receive signals from
the hematopoietic inductive
microenvironment to amplify or repress
genes associated with commitment to
multiple lineages that are expressed only at
low levels

A

Multilineage priming model

105
Q

involves proliferation
and differentiation signals from specialized
niches located in the hematopoietic
inductive microenvironment via direct cell-to-cell or cellular-extracellular signaling
molecules

A

Extrinsic regulation

106
Q

Some cytokines released from the hematopoietic
inductive microenvironment include factors that
regulate proliferation and differentiation:

A

such as stem cell factor (SCF),
thrombopoietin (TPO), and Flt3 ligand.
Intrinsic regulation involves genes such as
SCL (TAL1), which is expressed in cells in
the hemangioblast

107
Q

a bipotential progenitor cell of mesodermal
origin that gives rise to hematopoietic and
endothelial lineages and GATA2, which is
expressed in later-appearing HSCs

A

Hemangioblast

108
Q

regulatory signaling factors which allow
HSCs to respond to hematopoietic inductive
microenvironment factors, altering cell fate

A

Notch-1 and Notch-2,

109
Q

As hematopoietic cells differentiate, they
take on various morphologic features
associated with maturation. These include
an overall decrease in cell size and a
decrease in the ratio of nucleus to
cytoplasm

A

Notch-1 and Notch-2,

110
Q

When mitosis has occurred, the cell may

A

reenter the cycle or go into a resting phase,
termed G0 phase

111
Q

calculated to
establish the percentage of cells in mitosis
in relation to the total number of cells

A

mitotic index

112
Q

mitotic index can be affected by the

A

It can be affected by the duration of mitosis
and the length of the resting state

113
Q

Normally, the mitotic index is approximately

A

Normally, the mitotic index is approximately
1% to 2%. An increased mitotic index
implies increased proliferation. An exception
to this rule is in the case of megaloblastic
anemia, in which mitosis is prolonged

114
Q

The identification and origin of stem cells
can be determined by immunophenotypic
analysis using

A

flow cytometry

115
Q

regulates the proliferation, differentiation,
and maturation of hematopoietic precursor
cells.

A

Cytokines

116
Q

cytokined exert a _____ influence on stem cells and
progenitor cells with multilineage potentia

A

positivve

117
Q

cytokines exert a ____influence on hematopoiesis
include transforming growth factor-β, tumor
necrosis factor-α, and the interferons

A

negative

118
Q

Growth factors and hematopoietic precursor
cells

A

Growth factors prevent hematopoietic
precursor cells from dying by inhibiting
apoptosis (or programmed cell death); they
stimulate them to divide by decreasing the
transit time from G0 to G1 of the cell cycle;
and they regulate cell differentiation into the
various cell lineages

119
Q

They have a high specificity for their target
cells and are active at low concentrations

A

COLONY-STIMULATING FACTORS

120
Q

The names of the individual factors indicate
the predominant cell lines that respond to
their preSENCE

A

COLONY-STIMULATING FACTORS

121
Q

The biologic activity of CSFs was first
identified by

A

their ability to induce
hematopoietic colony formation in semisolid
media.

122
Q

Aka kit ligand, early-acting growth factor; its
receptor is kit

A

stem cell factor

123
Q

cytoplasmic domain to induce a series of
signals that are sent via signal transduction
pathways to the nucleus of the HSC,
stimulating the cell to proliferate

A

kut

124
Q

HSCs differentiate and mature, the
expression of KIT receptor

A

decreases

125
Q

s also a receptor-type tyrosine-protein
kinase. KIT ligand and FLT3 ligand work
synergistically with IL-3, GM-CSF, and other
cytokines to promote early HSC proliferation
and differentiation

A

FLT3

126
Q

regulates blood cell production by
controlling the production, differentiation,
and function of granulocytes and
macrophages

A

IL-3

127
Q

nduces expression of specific genes that
stimulate HSC differentiation to the common
myeloid progenitor

A

GM-CSF

128
Q
  • Characteristics of interleukins:
A
  1. They are proteins that exhibit
    multiple biologic activities, such as
    the regulation of autoimmune and
    inflammatory reactions and
    hematopoiesis.
  2. They have synergistic interactions
    with other cytokines.
  3. They are part of interacting systems
    with amplification potential.
  4. They are effective at very low
    concentrations
129
Q

complex, regulated process for maintaining
adequate numbers of erythrocytes in the
peripheral blood

A

ERYTHROPOIESIS

130
Q

gives rise to the earliest
identifiable colony of RBCs, called the
burst-forming unit–erythroid (BFU-E)

A

CFU-GEMM

131
Q

produces a large multiclustered colony that
resembles a cluster of grapes containing
brightly colored hemoglobin

A

burst-forming unit–erythroid (BFU-E)

132
Q

Stimulated by oxygen availability in kidney
- recruit CFU-E from the more primitive
BFU-E compartment, prevents apoptosis of
erythroid progenitors, and induces
hemoglobin synthesis

A

epo

133
Q

leukopeiois category

A

2 Categories: myelopoiesis and
lymphopoiesis

134
Q

timulates the proliferation and
differentiation of neutrophil and macrophage
colonies from the colony-forming unit–
granulocyte-monocyte

A

GM-CSF

135
Q

timulate neutrophil differentiation and
monocyte differentiation

A

timulate neutrophil differentiation and
monocyte differentiation

136
Q

stimulates the growth of granulocytes,
monocytes, megakaryocytes, and erythroid
cells.

A

IL-3

137
Q

controls the production and release of
platelets

A

tpo/thrombopoitin

138
Q

The __ is the main site of production of
TPO.

A

The liver is the main site of production of
TPO.

hema (1 decks)

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