WK 1 Flashcards
The discipline of immunology grew out of
the observation that individuals who has
recovered from certain infectious
disease were thereafter protected from
the disease. Many have committed
themselves to study how the body
defends itself from these infectious
agents.
Study of host’s reaction when foreign
antigens are introduces to the body
IMMUNOLOGY
Study of immune system
IMMUNOLOGY
WHAT IS IMMUNITY?
the state of being exempted
(excluded/freed/absolved/excused/reli
eved)
Existing belief:
- Disease and pestilence were punishment
rendering as a result of bad deeds or evil thoughts. - Old testaments is filled with pestilence. A disease
was regarded as a punishment from God
Early writings: records of
the presence of disease
(Babylonian epic of
Gilgamesh)
recorded about great
plague in Athens.
430 B.C. – Thucydides (Greek
historian),
His observation: Those who
contracted the disease and
recovered were the ones who could
tent to the sick and dying without
worrying about catching it again
Thucydides
robably the greatest
single incentive towards the
precipitation of modern western
science and to the onset of the field
of immunology
Smallpox
– reported on Chinese practice of
variolation
Voltaire
The first written records of immunological
experimentation date back to the
WHAT YEAR AND WHAT HAPPENED
1500s, when
the Chinese developed a practice of inhaling
powder made from small pox scabs in order to
produce protection against this disease
– the practice of variolation
which involves injecting material
from crust or fluids from small pox
blisters was introduced into western
medicine by LADY MONTAGUE
1718
YEAR
n the middle east, The practice
of “variolation” was common
1400
– applying powdered
smallpox “crusts” and inserting them with
a pin or “poking” device into the skin
Variolation
A process of controlled infectio
VARIOLATION
Also called “inoculation”
VARIOLATION
he risk of death from variolation was
around ___` a risk but a considerable
improvement on the death rate for
uncontrolled infection
he risk of death from variolation was
around 2% a risk but a considerable
improvement on the death rate for
uncontrolled infection
received a letter from a
trade in China which reported a method that
would prevent a future smallpox disease
1700 – Dr. Martin Lister
a Greek-Italian physician working in
Istanbul for the British ambassador wrote a
letter to the Royal Society about an account,
or history, on the procuring the smallpox by
incision or inoculation
1714
wrote a
letter to the Royal Society about an account,
or history, on the procuring the smallpox by
incision or inoculation
Greek-Italian physician working in
Istanbul for the British ambassado
Helped to popularized inoculation
Lady Mary Wortley Montague,
wife of British ambassador in Istanbul, 1721
the King accepted the
request of a group of physicians to
perform experiments with smallpox
inoculation in condemned criminals on
condition that the prisoners received
pardoN
August 1721
: heavy loss of
cattle population throughout Europe for
hundreds of year
Rinderpest (Cattle Plague):
benign disease caused by
a virus closely related to the smallpox
virus
Cowpox
a farmer who
inoculated his wife with the vaccinia
virus. First record of anyone using
vaccinia virus to “protect” against
smallpox.
Benjamin Jesty, 1774
tested whether
the belief that cowpox sufferers were
actually immune to smallpox was true.
1796 – Edward Jenner,
Demonstrated that a scab from a
cowpox lesion can replace smallpox
scabs for variolation.
Edward Jenner
eradication of
smallpox from the world in
1970S
EDWARD JENNER’S EXPERIMENT
1 boy – inoculated with pus from a
cowpox sore; result: the boy caught
cowpox.
After 3 months – the boy was inoculated
with pus from a smallpox sore; result: the
boy did not catch the smallpox.N
Jenner called this new method “_______” from
a cow as a way of distinguishing it form the process
of inoculation.
Jenner called this new method “VACCINATION” from
a cow as a way of distinguishing it form the process
of inoculation.
the World Health
Assembly officially declared “the world
and its people” free from endemic
smallpox
1980
excellent source of information about
childhood, adolescent and adult
immunizations and hepatitis B
educational materiials
e Immunization Action Coalition
e
development of the Germ theory of
disease by Louis Pasteur furthered
the advancement of the fledging
science of immunolog
Louis Pasteur
The
proposed that most disease are
caused by microorganisms,
transmitted from an infected
individual to a non-infected one.
Germ theory of disease
theorized that
immunization protects people against
disease by exposing them to a version of
a microbe that is harmless but is just
enough like the disease-causing
organism, or pathogen, that the immune
system learns to fight it
1881- Louis Pasteur
developed attenuated
vaccine against anthrax, cholera and
rabies.
Louis Pasteur
