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Wisconsin Whitetail Hunting > Wisconsin Tree Identification > Flashcards

Wisconsin Tree Identification Flashcards

1
Q

Conifer

Leaf: Scale-like; length 1/4 - 1/2”, arranged to make the small branches flat

Bark: Thin, gray to reddish brown, separating in long, vertical, narrow shreddy strips

Fruit: Small, oblong cone; yellow-ish brown; 1/3 - 1/2” in size; 6 to 12 scales; borne singly or in large clusters on ends of branches

Range: Throughout the state, except SW; usually grows in moist places in stands; farther north appears on well-drained slopes, usually in mixtures with hardwoods

A

Northern White Cedar

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2
Q

Conifer

Leaf, One: minute and scale-like, dark green, clasping the stem in 4 ranks so that the step appears square
Leaf, Two: awl-shaped, quite sharp-pointed, spreading and whitened on underside

Bark: Thin, reddish brown, peeling off in long, vertical shred-like strips

Fruit: dark blue berry-like cone; diameter 1/4”

Range: dry, gravelly soil, and rocky ledges in southern half of state

A

Red Cedar or Juniper

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3
Q

Conifer

Leaf: needle-like, stalkless and flat; length 1/2 - 1” with rounded point, dark green and lustrous above and silvery white bands beneath;

Bark: Thin, smooth, grayish, prominently marked by blisters filled with resin or balsam pitch

Fruit: cones upright on branches, purple, oblong; length 2-4”;

Range: found in forests in northern half of WI, usually in association w/ white spruce; thrives in cool, moist, or shaded places

A

Balsam Fir

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4
Q

Conifer

Leaf: needles 1/3-2/3”; flat; rounded to notched at tip; yellow-ish green with 2 whitish bands underneath;

Bark: 1/2-3/4” thick; varying from cinnamon-red to gray in color; with deep furrows separating the broad, flattened scales

Fruit: cones 1/2-3/4” in length; scales thin and almost as broad as long

Range: northeastern quarter of WI; isolated stands occur on cool north slopes; grows better in moister soils, often in mixtures with hardwood

A

Hemlock

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5
Q

Conifer

Leaf: needle about 1”; light to dark yellow-green; sharply pointed; two in a bundle and slightly twisted

Bark: dark brown, irregularly divided by furrows into small scales

Fruit: cones, 1.5”; brown when ripe, turning gray later;

Range: sandy soils of northern half of WI

A

Jack Pine

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6
Q

Conifer

Leaf: 4-6” long; dark green to yellow-green; brittle; clusters of 2

Bark: divides into large, reddish-brown plates as it matures

Fruit; cone 2”, thin, purplish when ripe; slightly concave cone scales are free from prickles and resin

Range: pure stands in northern WI and isolated stands south;

A

Red or Norway Pine

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7
Q

Conifer

Leaf: needle 3-5”; bluish-green; occurs in bundles of 5

Bark (Young): Thin, smooth, resinous, and greenish-gray on young trees
Bark (Old): thick and deeply fissured and graying-brown on old trees

Fruit: cone 4-6”; cylindrical; thin and very resinous scales; somewhat curved

Range: through WI; grows on sandy soils and rock ridges, but prefers fertile, well-drained soils

A

White Pine

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8
Q

Conifer

Leaf: needles 1/2”, bluish-green, pointed, four-sided;

Bark: thin and broken on surface into thin gray-brown scales

Fruit: cones 1”, oval shaped, light brown in color when ripe

Range: found in poorly drained swamps and occasionally well-drained slopes in northern WI; often associated with tamarack, balsam fir, and white spruce

A

Black Spruce

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9
Q

Conifer

Leaf: needle 1/2-3/4”, dark bluish-green when mature; sharply pointed; 4-sided and crowded along upper-half of branchlets

Bark: thin, separating into light, gray-brown scaly plates

Fruit: cone 2”, slender, light brown when ripe

Range: northern WI on moist, well-drained soils and in swamps with balsam and tamarack; also found associated with mixed hardwoods

A

White Spruce

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10
Q

Conifer

Leaf: needles 1”; flat, soft, and slender; bright green in spring, soft and flexible, turning dull yellow in fall; only conifer in WI that sheds all its leaves each fall

Bark: rough and separates into thin, reddish-brown scales

Fruit: cones 3/4” long, 1/2” wide; young red or greenish, mature light brown

Range: Chiefly in swamps in northern WI in coniferous forests; often in association with black spruce, balsam fir, and northern white cedar

A

Tamarack or Larch

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11
Q

Deciduous

Leaf: oblong in shape, tapering to a point; sharply toothed along edges; compound, with 7-11 leaflets; terminal bud is large and pointed

Bark: grayish on older portions of tree, furrowed and somewhat separated into thin scales that are easily rubbed off

Fruit: samara; similar to all ash, except thin wing surrounds the flattened seed; wing is broader than white or green ash, and apex is distinctly notched

Range: fairly well distributed over WI; most abundant in cold, moist locations and along stream banks; usually associated with black spruce, balsam fir, white cedar, and tamarack

A

Ash, Black

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12
Q

Deciduous

Leaf: 10-12”, opposite, compound w/ 7-9 stalked leaflets;
Leaflets: 3-5” with apex pointed and slightly toothed; leaf differs from white ash in having leaf scars that are semi-circular to crescent shaped, extending to base of new bud

Bark: dark brown or gray, tinged with red; 1/2” thick; furrowed w/ flat, scaly ridges

Fruit: samara, borne in clusters; 1.5-2.25” long, 1/4-1/3” wide; wing extends down past middle of flattened seed-bearing part; slightly notched at apex

Range: Common throughout state, usually along stream banks/floodplains/wet uplands; may grow in pure stands or w/ elder and red maple

A

Ash, Green

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13
Q

Leaf: 8-10”, compound, opposite, 5-9 leaflets
Leaflets: 3-5” long, sharply pointed, smooth to rounded tooth along margin; dark green and smooth above, pale green or whitish beneath

Bark: grayish-brown, narrow ridges separated with marked regularities by deep, diamond-shaped fissures; rather thick on mature trees

Fruit: samara, 1-1.25” long, clusters; seed-bearing portion is rounded in cross-section and wing does not extend along its side

Range: over WI, most frequently in fertile, well-drained sites

A

Ash, White

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14
Q

Deciduous

Leaf: 6-8”, alternate, compound w/ 13-17 leaflets;
Leaflet: 3-4”, 1” wide at middle; long points with toothed edges; bright green above, turning bright yellow in fall

Bark: smooth, light gray, gradually breaking into small scales; 1/8” thick

Fruit: pome; bright orange; occurs in dense clusters; 1/4” diameter

Range: scattered in woods of northern WI; best development along edges of lakes and swamps; does best in moist locations, but survives fairly well in drier areas & thinner soils

A

Mountain Ash

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15
Q

Deciduous

Leaf: 3-4” long, simple, alternate; coarse-toothed; dark green upper surface

Bark: smooth, gray or yellow-ish green; furrowed and dark at base of old trees

Fruit: catkins; 4-6” long; capsule is 1/4” long

Range: Over entire state, but prefers sandy or rich soils that are moist

A

Bigtooth Aspen, Poplar, or Popple

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16
Q

Deciduous

Leaf: 1-2”; small, broadly oval, short-pointed at end and finely toothed along margin; green and shiny above, dull green below; leaf stalks are flattened at right angles to leaves, causing leaves to quake or tremble in a slight breeze

Bark: white to gray-green; thin; almost smooth with black areas around base of limbs

Fruit: catkins; 4-6” long; capsule 1/4” long

Range: All parts of WI; grows well in sandy, gravelly soils, but thrives on good soil

A

Quaking Aspen

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17
Q

Deciduous

Leaf: ovate, long pointed, edges finely toothed; dark green and shiny above, pale and often stained by resin blotches beneath; alternate

Bark: thin, smooth, greenish-brown (young); furrowed and gray-black (old)

Fruit: catkin, 4-6” long; capsule 1/4”

Range: northern WI, along streams and edges of swamps and other cool localities

A

Balm of Gilead or Balsam Poplar

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18
Q

Deciduous

Leaf: 4-6” length and width; heart-shaped, margin coarsely toothed, sharp-pointed at tip; at maturity, shiny green above and paler underneath

Bark: gray with shallow furrows and vertical, scaly ridges

Fruit: nut; round, hard, 1/4” diameter; covered with short, thick, brownish-red wool, attached in clusters to a leafy bract; flowers are fragrant

Range: common throughout WI on rich, well-drained loamy soils, in mixture with other hardwoods

A

Basswood or Linden

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19
Q

Deciduous

Leaf: 3-4”, oval, pointed at the apex and coarsely toothed; becomes leathery when mature; simple

Bark: maintains a smooth, steelgray surface through its life

Fruit: stalked, prickly, 4-valved bur, containing usually 2 triangular, shiny brown nuts with a sweet, edible kernel

Range: eastern WI on fertile-well drained soils derived from limestone

A

Beech

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20
Q

Deciduous

Leaf: 2-3”, oval, long pointed, double-toothed along margin; veins prominent in herringbone pattern; pale, blue-green and smooth above, light yellow-green below

Bark: thin, smooth; light, gray-brown to slate-gray, sometimes marked broad, dark-brown horizontal banks

Fruit: nutlet, 1/3”, attached to a 3-lobed leaf-like bract; bracts are clustered together on a hanging stalk

Range: found over entire state, usually on rich moist soils and well-drained soils in the shade of other trees

A

Bluebeech, American Hornbeam, or Musclewood

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21
Q

Deciduous

Leaf: 2-3” long, 1-2” wide; oval or heart-shaped, pointed, rounded at base, irregularly toothed; dark green on upper side and yellow-ish green on lower side; alternate

Bark: thin, smooth, reddish-brown on young trees turning creamy white with age; marked by lenticels; readily peeling in large pieces exposing orange inner bark

Fruit: catkin, 1” long; may tiny, winged seeds, 1/6” long

Range: generally abundant, occurs chiefly on the better sand and gravel soils in mixture with pine and aspen

A

Paper, White, or Canoe Birch

22
Q

Deciduous

Leaf: 2-4”; doubly toothed; simple; alternate; usually shallowly and irregularly lobed

Bark: dark brown at base of old trunks and deeply furrowed; higher up, becomes lustrous red-brown; peels freely in papery layers

Fruit: catkin, 1-1.5”; contains numerous little winged seeds

Range: along rich bottomlands of streams and rivers in SW corner of WI

A

River or Red Birch

23
Q

Deciduous

Leaf: 3-5”; oval to oblong, double-toothed margin; dull dark green upper and paler beneath; alternate

Bark: yellow-gray or straw colored; peeling freely into thin, papery layers on young trees, but developing ragged, broken plates on mature trees

Fruit: catkin, 1”; contains numerous minute winged seeds

Range: northern half of WI on rich, moist uplands

A

Yellow Birch

24
Q

Deciduous

Leaf: 5-8”; opposite; compound, usually 3 leaflets (rarely 5)
Leaflet: 2-4” long, 1-2” wide; lustrous green in color

Bark: smooth and green to purple on young branches, grayish to light brown and deeply divided on old trees

Fruit: samara, 2-winged, hanging in clusters

Range: common throughout WI, grows naturally along streams and in cool ravines

A

Box Elder

25
Q

Deciduous

Leaf: compound; 15-30”; 11-17 leaflets
Leaflet: 2-3”; oblong, finely-toothed, sharply pointed; yellow-ish green above and hairy underneath

Bark: light gray to light brown; divided into broad, scaly intersecting ridges, forming a rough diamond-shaped pattern

Fruit: nut; 2”; light brown enclosed in oblong, somewhat pointed, sticky, yellowish-green husk covered with short, rusty, sticky hairs; rough, grooved shell and oily, sweet edible kernel

Range: souther part of WI

A

Butternut or White Walnut

26
Q

Deciduous

Leaf: simple; oval; shiny above, paler below; edges broken by many fine incurved teeth

Bark (young): smooth, bright, reddish-brown marked by conspicuous narrow, white horizontal lines
Bark (old): thick, dark brown to nearly black, rough and broken into thick irregular scales

Fruit: drupe; borne in long, hanging clusters, containing a single seed

Range: entire state, but most common in southern half

A

Cherry, Black

27
Q

Deciduous

Leaf: simple; 3-4” long, 1-2” wide; alternate; broadly oval, abruptly and sharply pointed, fined tooth; bright green above, paler underneath;

Bark (young): thin, smooth, shiny, brownish and peels off easily in thin, film-like layers
Bark (old): thicker, dark grayish, shallow fissures

Fruit: drupe; in dense clusters; reddish, turning nearly black when fully ripe; each berry contains a single seed

Range: through state along streams, open woods, cut-over and brushy areas

A

Cherry, Choke

28
Q

Deciduous

Leaf: simple; 3-4” long, 1” wide; oblong, apex pointed, finely incurved teeth along edge; shiny green when fully grown

Bark: thin, reddish-brown, breaking into papery layers; marked by large, irregular horizontal band of orange lenticels

Fruit: drupe, 1/4” diameter; thick, reddish skin; fruit borne on long-stalked clusters

Range: entire state, most common in northern half on areas of previous forest fires, cutovers, old fields and roadsides

A

Cherry, Pin

29
Q

Deciduous

Leaf: simple; 3-5” long and wide; broadly ovate or triangular, tapered tip, square at base; toothed/wavy edges;

Bark (young): thin, smooth, light gray
Bark (old): deeply furrowed into broad, rounded ridges; dark gray

Fruit: catkin, 6-8”; capsule contains seed enclosed in clusters of white cottony hairs

Range: throughout WI, rarer in north; forms extensive groves along waterways; will grow in dry locations

A

Cottonwood, Eastern

30
Q

Deciduous

Leaf: simple; 4-6”; somewhat one-sided, doubly toothed on margin; rough above, smooth below; rather thick; veins very pronounced and run in parallel lines from mid-rib to edge of leaf

Bark: thick; divided into irregular, broad, flat ridges; ash-gray to grayish brown

Fruit: samara; winged, light green, oval, and wafer-like; seed portion in center surrounded entirely by wings; outer end of wings deeply notched

Range: Fairly common throughout state; found on rich bottomlands and low, moist hills in mixture with other hardwoods

A

Elm, American

31
Q

Deciduous

Leaf: simple; alternate; double-toothed margin; resembles American Elm but more regular in shape; smaller, smoother on both sides, more leathery

Bark: 1” thick, ash-gray; divided by deep, irregular fissures into broad, flat ridges; corky ridges/wings develop on the bark of the twigs

Fruit: samara, 1/2”, ovate, flattened; slightly notched at outer end

Range: grows best in well-drained soils, and southward/westward throughout the state on a variety of soils

A

Elm, Rock

32
Q

Deciduous

Leaf: simple; 4-6”; ovate, sharp-pointed, base not symmetrical, double toothed on margin; thick; dark green and rough on both sides; turns to yellowish before falling

Bark: 1” thick; dark greenish-brown; broken by shallow fissures into flat ridges

Fruit: samara; seed surrounded by thin, broad, greenish wing; 1/2” seed diameter

Range: Throughout state, but rare in northern portion; usually found on banks of streams and fertile hillsides

A

Elm, Slippery or Red

33
Q

Deciduous

Leaf: simple; alternate; 2-4” long; ovate and sharply toothed towards end of leaf; oblique at base; prominent veins; hairy on upper side

Bark: grayish-brown, much roughened with prominent, short, corky ridges

Fruit: drupe, berry-like; 1/4-1/3” diameter; thin, purplish skin; sweet yellowish flesh; frequently hangs on trees most of winter

Range: most abundant on rich alluvial soil but will grow on various types of soils; found sparingly in S and W part of WI

A

Hackberry

34
Q

Deciduous

Leaf: compound; alternate; 6-10”; 7-9 leaflets
Leaflet: 4-6” long, toothed margins, smaller and more slender than other hickories

Bark: granite-gray, faintly tinged with yellow; broken into thin, plate-like scales; not as rough as most hickories

Fruit: nut, 1”, broader than long; thin-shelled, smooth, brittle

Range: well-drained and fertile soils in the S part of WI

A

Hickory, Bitternut

35
Q

Deciduous

Leaf: compound; alternate; 8-15” long, 5 (rarely 7) leaflets
Leaflet: ovate, margin covered with fine teeth and numerous hairs; end leaflet much larger than other leaflets

Bark: rougher than other hickories; shaggy, light gray and separates into thick, vertical strips only slightly attached to tree

Fruit: nut; borne singly or in pairs; husk is thick, deeply grooved, and splits entirely into four parts

Range: S WI on moist, rich soils and well-drained hillsides

A

Hickory, Shagbark

36
Q

Deciduous
Leaf: single; alternate; 2-4”; oblong with narrow tips, doubly toothed along margins; dark dull, yellow-green above and light yellow-green below

Bark; 1/4” thick; light gray-brown; finely divided into narrow, thin scales that are easily rubbed off

Fruit: nutlet, 1/3” long and 1/8” wide; borne singly in clusters of leafy bracts

Range: throughout WI, usually on better, well-drained soils or gravel ridges in mixtures with other hardwoods

A

Ironwood or Hop Hornbeam

37
Q

Deciduous

Leaf: simple; 3-4”; alternate; ovate, apex sharply pointed, fine toothed; purplish-brown until nearly mature; ling green covered with scattered silky hairs when mature

Bark: thin, usually gray; smooth on branches and upper part of stem; shallow fissures on short trunk

Fruit: pome; 1/3-1/2”, dark purple when ripe; sweet, edible, and round

Range: throughout state; best development is along banks of streams, shores of lakes, or upland woods

A

Juneberry or Serviceberry

38
Q

Deciduous

Leaf: Compound, alternate, 7-19 leaflets
Leaflet: oblong, thin

Bark: brown with yellow or orange inner bark; heavily furrowed, forming an interlacing pattern of fibrous ridges; rope-like

Fruit: legume; 3-5” long containing 4-8 small, hard seeds

Range: not native to WI but planted extensively; grows in a wide variety of soils

A

Locust, Black

39
Q

Deciduous

Leaf (type 1): compound; alternate; 18-28 leaflets
Leaf (type 2): doubly compound, 6-8” long, 4-7 leaflets
Leaflet (type 2): consists of 16-24 secondary leaflets

Bark: dark gray/brown on old trees; dividing into strips; strong, sharp, shiny branched thorns

Fruit: legume, 10-18” long, 1/2-1.5” wide; flat, dark brown/black when ripe

Range: native only to SW WI, but planted elsewhere; develops best on rich, moist river bottoms, but will do well on fertile, well-drained soil

A

Locust, Honey

40
Q

Deciduous

Leaf: simple; opposite; 2-5” long, 3-5 lobes, double-toothed margins; upper light green when mature, lower whitish and partly covered with pale down

Bark (young): smooth, light gray
Bark (old): rough, dark gray; divided by shallow fissures into flat, scaly ridges on surfaces, making tree look shaggy

Fruit: samara, 2 winged; 1/2-1” long; drooping stems; red/reddish-brown/yellow

Range: throughout WI, prefers moist soils, although common on drier sites in mixtures with other trees

A

Maple, Red

41
Q

Deciduous

Leaf: simple; opposite; 3-5 lobes ending in long points; deep, angular openings; margins toothed; pale green on top and silvery underneath

Bark (young): smooth and varies from reddish to yellow-gray
Bark (old): dark gray and broken into long flakes/scales

Fruit: pair of winged samaras; wings 1-2” long; thread-like stems 1” long

Range: common on river bottoms or other deep, moist soils in southern 2/3 of state

A

Maple, Silver

42
Q

Deciduous

Leaf: simple; opposite; 3-5” long; usually 3-lobed, lobes wavy toothed; dark green upper, paler green below; turn brilliant yellow/orange/red in autumn

Bark (young): light gray-brown and somewhat smoth
Bark (old): gray-almost black with long, irregular plates/scales which loosed on the sides

Fruit: samara; pair fused together; 1” long

Range: throughout WI on better soils

A

Maple, Sugar

43
Q

Deciduous

Leaf: simple; alternate; 5-8” long, 3-5” wide; lobed, ends are bristle-tipped; when mature, thick, dark green and shiny on upper, pale on lower; conspicuous rusty brown hairs in forks of veins

Bark (young): smooth and dark browth
Bark (old): thick and black with deep furrows and rough, broken ridges; inner bark bright yellow

Fruit: acorn, 1/2-1”, light brown, somewhat round, kernel extremely bitter

Range: dry uplands, gravel slopes, ridges in S half of WI

A

Oak, Black

44
Q

Deciduous

Leaf: single; 6-10” long, 3-6” wide; resembles white oak but has pair of deep indentations near base and wavy notches or broad middle and upper portions; dark green above, paler and hairy below

Bark: thick, deeply furrowed on surface into irregular, plate-like broken scales; dark gray-black in color

Fruit: acorn; set deeply in fringed, burr-like cap; ovoid in shape, may reach diameter of 1”; seed is bitter

Range: entire state; towards the north, trees are smaller

A

Oak, Bur

45
Q

Deciduous

Leaf: simple; 4-7” long; margin with sharp, incurving or broad round teeth; upper surface is yellow-green, underside pale and covered with fine short hairs

Bark: rarely 1/2” thick; broken into loose, pale, gray scales

Fruit: acorn; grows singly or in pairs w/ short, heavy stalks; nut covered for half its length by the thin cup; seed is sweet

Range: distributed sparsely over S WI

A

Oak, Chinkapin

46
Q

Oak, Northern Pin, Hills, or Jack

A

Deciduous

Leaf: single; 5-7 lobes; similar to scarlet oak, but less shiny above; in autumn, they turn yellow/pale brown with purple blotches

Bark: resembles scarlet oak, but inner bark is pale yellow

Fruit: acorn; enclosed in cap for 1/3-1/2 of length

Range: throughout WI; usually on sandy soils of low fertility

47
Q

Deciduous

Leaf: simple; alternate; 5-9” long, 4-6” wide; 7-9 lobes, somewhat coarsely toothed and bristle-tipped; dull green above, paler below

Bark (young): smooth, dark gray-dark brown
Bark (old): broken by shallow fissures into regular, flat, smooth-surfaced, vertical plates; thick and gray to brown

Fruit: acorn; 1-1.5”; blunt-topped, flat at base, enclosed in a shallow, dark brown cup

Range: throughout WI on better sites

A

Oak, Red

48
Q

Deciduous

Leaf: simple; 5-6” long, 2-4” wide; broad at middle (pear shaped) and wedge-shaped at base; wavy and indented along margin; dark green and shiny above, grayish and fuzzy beneath

Bark: Thick, deeply and irregularly divided by fissures into broad ridges; grayish-brown; bark on upper branches ragged and often peeling

Fruit: acorn; 1” long, 3/4” wide, enclused ~1/3 of length in thick-walled cup; usually in pairs

Range: sparsely distributed over S of WI; grows on borders of streams and swamps in moist, fertile soil

A

Oak, Swamp White

49
Q

Deciduous

Leaf: simple; alternate; 5-9” long and half as wide; deeply divided into 5-9 lobes; light green above and much paler below; sometimes remain on tree most of winter

Bark: pale gray, scaly, not deeply fissured

Fruit: acorn; 3/4-1” long, ~1/4 enclosed in cap, light brown

Range: common on better soils in S of WI

A

Oak, White

50
Q

Form: shrub/small tree, 15-25ft tall, 10” max trunk diameter

Leaf: simple; alternate; 2-5” long, 2” wide; oval, narrow-pointed, double-toothed along edge; dark green above, paler below

Bark: thin, reddish-brown, broken into thin plates

Fruit: drupe; 3/4” diameter; outer skin orange-red when ripe, with yellow-ish, sweet flesh

Range: throughout state in thickets, along banks of streams; grows best on rich soil or in moist locations

A

Plum, Wild

51
Q

Form: height often 100ft, trunk diameter 2-4ft

Leaf: compound; alternate; 1-2ft long, 7-11 pairs of leaflets
Leaflet: 3” long, extremely tapered on ends, toothed margins, yellow-green; smooth above, pale and hairy underneath

Bark: thick and very dark brown; divided by deep fissures into round ridges; blocky appearance

Fruit: nut; large, round, borne singly or in pairs; solid green husk; nut is black with very hard, thick, finely ridged shell; edible

Range: S of WI in rich bottomlands and moist, fertile hillsides

A

Walnut, Black

52
Q

Form: 35-50ft high in favorable sites; diameter 6-25”

Leaf:

A

Willows

Wisconsin Whitetail Hunting (2 decks)

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