Winter’s Flashcards
(21 cards)
What do lamella do
Increase surface area so diffusion rate is optimum rate
ATP hydrolysed
To make ADP + P through hydrolase releases cellular energy
ADP condensation
Use ATP synthesise puts energy back together creating ATP
What does ATP contain
Adenine ribose and three phosphates
Phospholipid bi layer
Allow lipid soluble membranes though not water soluble due to hydrophobic tails
Channel proteins
Let small water soluble molecules though
Carrier proteins
Can only pick up one type of molecule at once
Cholesterol
Add strength to the molecules reducing lateral movement
Glycoproteins
Help cell attach to another so it forms tissues
Polysaccharides
Polymers combining together many monomersaccride molecules joined by glycosidic bonds
Glycogen structure
Alpha glucose monosaccharide 1-4 and 1-6 Glycocidic bond Branched shape storage of glucose
Significance of glycogen
Easily hydrolysed to realise glucose
Magnification needs
Pencil, no shading, clear continues lines, accuracy
Abdominal pumping
Larger insects pump their abdomens in and out using muscles helps fresh air to enter the trachea
When spiracles open
Air moves in through spiracles
Oxygen diffuses down the concentration gradient towards cell Through the trachea through direction diffusion
Carbon dioxide in insect
Diffuse down it’s own concentration gRadiant towards spiracles then goes into atmosphere
When do antigens present on the cell surface
Phagocyte after engulfing pathogen
Body cells infected by virus
Donor organ
Cancer cells
Non specific immune response
Phagocytosis
Phagocytosis process
Pathogen is engulfed by the phagocyte by a psepodia
The pathogen is the engulfed
Enzyme lysozymes in lysosome hydrolysed pathogen creating a phagolysosomr
Remaining products go out of vesicles and are pushed out of cell
Antigen presentation occurs
Antigen presenting cells
Phagocyte
Body cells infected with virus
What are cloned T cells 4 roles
Differentiate into cytotoxic T cells
Stimulate phagocytosis of pathogen
Develop into memory cells
