Winter Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
Who set the terms and rules for philosophy?
A
Plato and Aristotle
2
Q
What is myth interested in?
A
Nature of the kosmos (narrative)
3
Q
What is philosophy interested in?
A
systematic, apparently logical account of the natural world
4
Q
Plato’s approach was
A
Guilt culture
5
Q
___ work(s) of Socrates survive(s)
A
0
6
Q
Who were the Milesians
A
physical/natural philosophers from the south
7
Q
What were the Milesians interested in?
A
Material understanding of the world. How the world came to be
8
Q
What was the Thales’ arche? (first principle)
A
Water
9
Q
What was Thales said to have done?
A
predicted an eclipse
10
Q
What was the arche according to Anaximander?
A
to Apeiron (the unlimited)
11
Q
What was Anaximander’s theory?
A
Idea of opposites - opposites act in a way that causes reality (generation and corruption) (things going in and out of being)
12
Q
What was the arche according to Axamenes?
A
Air (dense and rarefaction)
13
Q
What was the arche according to Heraclitus?
A
Fire
14
Q
Who were Anaximenes and Heraclitus followers of?
A
Anaximander
15
Q
What is Parmenides’ theory?
A
His account denies motion, change and difference
16
Q
What is the only thing that makes logical sense according to Parmenides?
A
Is (Is not makes no sense)
17
Q
How did Empedocles die?
A
By leaping into Mt. Etna
18
Q
What did Empedocles leave behind when he died?
A
Gold sandals (wore wool sandals)
19
Q
What is the Strasbourg Papyrus?
A
Papyrus (6 parts) from a text of Empedocles.
20
Q
How many lines is the Strasbourg Papyrus?
A
69
21
Q
What was the school of Parmenides?
A
Eleatics
22
Q
What is Plato’s answer to Parmenides’ revelation?
A
If something is something and then it ceases to exist then it is not
23
Q
What is Empedocles’ answer to Parmenides’ revelation?
A
We see things moving but movement means not being. If we have a plurality of things then one thing is not
24
Q
What are the 4 roots according to Theophrastus
A
Zeus = fire Hera = air Hades = earth Nestis = water
25
Parmenides says that what affects the four roots?
Love and Strife
26
What is philotes?
A term for love (a powerful cosmic force)
27
What is neikos?
A term for strife (a cosmic force)
28
What is the cycle of change?
The roots change due to love and strife and so they change their form but they are always there
29
Explain "purifications"
Can the purifications ever be reconciled with the physika? Strasbourg papyrus contains elements from both these poems
30
What does Greek myth reinforce?
division between God and Human
31
What is an exception to the division between god and human?
Heracles
32
Claiming to be a god was seen as what?
invitation for punishment
33
What are the gold leaves?
Gold leaves found in graves on which text has been inscribed. Found across the Mediterranean
34
What were the inscriptions on the gold leaves?
Instructions for what the descendants must do
35
What are human beings according to Empedocles?
gods who are exiled from their divine state
36
What is shedding blood?
a crime
37
What does sophist mean?
A practitioner of Sophia - "wisdom" or "skill"
38
What advantage would speaking give a man?
Influence in public settings and the ability to sway an audience
39
What type of speech was emphasized?
rhetoric
40
What did Socrates write?
nothing
41
What literature became a genre?
Socratic literature
42
What did Plato renounce?
His ambition for a public career
43
How did Plato reject Socrates?
He rejected marriage, he founded a school, produced many written works
44
What was the name of Plato's school?
The Academy
45
In what form are Plato's works?
Dialogues
46
What are the characteristics of Plato's early dialogues?
Socrates is a central figure, doubt, little positive construction, Socrates scrutinizing claims
47
What are the characteristics of Plato's middle dialogues?
Socrates is still a central figure, develops positive views of his own, positive construction
48
What are the characteristics of Plato's late dialogues?
Socrates is less important, Plato develops his own views
49
Why did Aristotle not get medical training?
because his parents died when he was young
50
Where did Aristotle study?
Plato's Academy
51
Whose tutor was Aristotle?
Alexander the Great
52
What would Alexander's soldiers do?
collect specimens for Aristotle
53
What was Aristotle's school called?
Lyceum
54
Which works survive from Aristotle's school?
Esoteric works (read in the school - specific and abstruse)
55
Which works do not survive from Aristotle's school?
Exoteric works (read outside of school - general and explained)
56
What injury did Hippocrates fix?
fractures (still dealt with in the same way)
57
What was medicine a mixture of?
divine healing and physician's aid
58
Who is Hippocrates?
a contemporary of Socrates (a physician)
59
According to Hippocrates, when did people get sick?
when things get imbalanced
60
Galen rose from being a gladiator-physician to what?
court-physician of emperor Marcus Aurelius
61
What was the four humour system?
yellow bile, black bile, phlegm and blood
62
What are the three organic systems according to Galen?
heart, brain and liver
63
What is extispicy
looking at entrails and examining the insides of animals
64
Where did physicians make observations about the internal organs?
The battle field.
65
When did formal study of anatomy begin?
After the conquests of Alexander in Egypt (mummification - remove the organs first)
66
Herophilus performed what kind of experiments on convicted criminals?
vivsectory - tie them down and cut them open
67
What caused illnesses in women?
the wandering womb
68
What was the brain considered to be?
semen
69
Where was consciousness located?
The psychic organs - mind, lungs, diaphragm, heart
70
How was Prometheus punished for helping humans?
An eagle comes each day to where he is tied to a pillar and pecks out his liver which grows back
71
Why was Prometheus punished with the liver?
The liver was believed to be the seat of deep feelings (sexual passion)
72
How were low criminals punished?
crucifixion
73
Why did the Great Plague of Athens hit?
Sparta invaded Attica during the Peloponnesian War and the inhabitants were brought within the Athenian walls
74
According to the Greeks - what caused and cured a disease?
The gods - healing = religion
75
How does Thucydides write an accurate depiction of the plague?
He had it and then survived
76
Who took care of the sick during the plague?
those who had already been affected
77
Why did Greeks not understand contagion?
Diseases are about the individual, not the population
78
What does gymnastics mean?
exercise in the nude
79
What does athletics mean?
competition for a prize
80
What does Arete mean?
excellence
81
Where does Thucydides say nude sport originated?
Sparta
82
Where does Plato say nude sport originated?
Cretans, and then picked up by the Spartans
83
Where does Pausanius say nude sport originated?
The Olympics - someone took off their clothes to run faster
84
Athletes in Homer and Mycenean art are _____ when exercising
clothed
85
A gymnasium was also a place to ________
pick up boys
86
What is infibulation?
string tied around the foreskin to keep an erection restrained or to keep it out of the way or to remove yourself from the erotic aspect of athletics
87
What are the three main gyms in Athens?
Academy, Lyceum and Kynosarges (education both intellectual and physical)
88
Who could use the gym?
All citizen males (not women, foreigners or slaves)
89
What athletic gear was used?
Oil, strigil (take off the dust and oil), pickaxe (amke ground soft), and practice cap
90
What are the different sporting events? (5)
Footraces, boxing, wrestling, pancration, pentathlon
91
When does a match of boxing or pancration end?
When an opponent gives up, is unconscious or dead
92
What are the only 2 rules in pancration?
no biting, no eye-gouging
93
What are himantes and who would use them?
strips of leather to go around hand and forearm and boxers
94
What is a dustless victory?
When the opponent bows out without trying
95
What are the five events of the Pentathlon?
stade, wrestling, discus, javelin and long jump
96
What is the skamma?
The area with turned up earth to create a softer ground for long jump, etc
97
Who participated in the horse races?
Elite only! However hired someone or had a slave jockey to actually compete (buy a win)
98
What prize(s) were given out at the end of athletic competitions?
Only one winner - first place (symbolic, money or value prizes)
99
Why do Greeks bring politics into sport?
because the athlete is identified as the city from which they come
100
Why is female sport sanctioned at Sparta?
eugenic reasons (better breeding)
101
Is there more evidence for female sport in text or art?
Art
102
What two events caused a reduced amount of citizen males?
Peloponnesian War and Plague
103
Did the Greeks deal a death-blow to the Persians?
No. It was a very minor-issue to them. They were just not in the mood or position to invade anymore
104
Where is Macedon?
connection between the Blakans and the Greek peninsula
105
Who was Philip II
A Macedonian general who expanded Macedionian control and influence
106
What characteristic in a skull caused people to think it was that of Philip II?
a wound in the right eye
107
How did Alexander the Great expand Macedonian control to the East?
by subjugating the former Persian empire
108
Other than Persia, what else did Alexander the Great conquer?
Egypt and most of India
109
Who was considered monarch to much of the world?
Alexander the Great
110
Who were the Diadochi?
The successors to Alexander who partitioned Alexander;s empire
111
What was the problem with Alexander's empire?
Communication across the large amount of land
112
After the Peloponnesian war, what became the major cultural centre?
Alexandria under Ptolemy I
113
With Alexandria as the new cultural centre, there was a nostalgia for _______
the great Classical Age (Periclean Athens)
114
What was the first formal library?
Library of Alexandria
115
What did the library of Alexandria contain and how did they get it all?
Ambitious collection of all Greek literature. Ptolemy sent emissaries to the Greek cities and had them copy or purchase texts.
116
Library of Alexandria contained what?
Catalogues by Callimachus
117
A museum is sometimes considered what?
first university - but didnt involve teaching
118
There is a tendency to view Hellenistic literature as ______________
a transition from Classical Greece to Augustan Rome
119
Alexandrian Poetry focused on __________
Obscure mythical subjects and unusual language
120
With how many books is the major Alexandrian Callimachus credited?
800 books - poetry published on papyri
121
What did the major Alexandrian Theocritus romanticize in his pastoral poetry?
the rural way of life
122
What are the 2 main sources of evidence of early Rome?
archaeology and later ancient historians
123
Were the Greeks or the Romans closer to the Indo-Europeans?
Romans
124
Why is it called the orientalizing phase?
Presence of Greek pottery
125
What do we know about Latial II
low economic development (no art, elaborate architecture), no social stratification
126
What do we know about Latial III
economic advancement and specialization, domestic pottery, some social stratification
127
What do we know about Latial IV
increase in wealth, celebration of military prowess, rise of centralized authority
128
Romulus and Remus are descendants of ______
Aeneas
129
The mother of Romulus and Remus is _______ and was made a _______ by _______
Rhea Silva, A Vestal Virgin, Amulius
130
Romulus and Remus are the children of Rhea Silva and her rapist ______
Mars (Ares)
131
Romulus and Remus were found by __________ , a royal herdsman
Faustulus
132
Romulus and Remus founded Rome, ________ walled the city and ______ was killed (either by _______ or Celer)
Romulus, Remus
133
The first citizens of Rome found by Romulus were who?
Fugitives (got wives by stealing daughters of a local tribe)
134
Which tribe joined Rome even though Romulus stole their daughters?
the Sabini
135
What is the meaning of the myth of Romulus and Remus?
Maturation rites of young men, puberty initiation, political realities of the republican period
136
Jupiter's importance was increased in Rome after __________, but before that it was _____
Contact with the Greeks, Mars
137
Some evidence suggests that a rex was a ____________
priestly office
138
Superbus means _______
arrogant
139
Who were the most important of the pre-Roman indigenous peoples of Italy?
Etruscans
140
The Etruscans were a _________________ civilization
significant and highly developed
141
What is the linen book?
a mummy wrapped in linen on which there was lots of writing in Etruscan script. Trade between Egyptians and Etruscans?
142
Latin alphabet was adopted from the ________ alphabet
Etruscan
143
Herodotus says the Etruscans arrived from where?
The East
144
Dionysus of Halicarnassus says the Etruscans were what?
Autochthonous
145
What is Bucchero?
a distinctive Etruscan style of pottery
146
Etruscan society was very Hellenized - this means they had a large wuantity of _____________
imported gods
147
What dynasty at Rome was Etruscan?
Tarquin
148
Women were ________ segregated in Etruscan society then in Greek/Roman society
less
149
Theopompus states that all Etruscans had large-scale ____
orgies
150
Theopompus said that ________ reclined with men at dinner
women
151
Theopompus had ________ views about the Etruscans because the Greeks ______ them
negative, despised
152
Why does Herodotus say the Persians were defeated?
Because soft land breeds soft men
153
Who was the last king of the Roman Monarchy?
Tarquinius Superbus
154
The monarchy was replaced by a __________
elected republican system
155
What is the pomerium?
the sacred boundary of the city
156
Where was the hearth of the whole city of Rome located?
temple of Vesta
157
Everything outside of the pomerium was what?
militia - threat that needs to be addressed with an army
158
What is imperium?
command
159
what is gentes?
family or clan groups
160
What are colleges?
Organized group of priests or magistrates that do certain jobs in and around the gov
161
who elected roman magistrates?
the people
162
what was the annual term for office?
1 year
163
Could people get elected right after they served for a year?
No. They had to wait at least a year
164
How many consuls were elected?
2 - one for home and one for war
165
who are the consuls?
The chief and annual civil and military magistrates during the republic
166
What are patrician families?
The elite class from which the magistrates were elected
167
What is the plebs?
The non-patrician members of the Roman populus (the "mob")
168
When did the Romans begin their campaign of expansion?
the 5th century
169
What is imperialism?
growth of the Roman power in Italy and Rome's creation of its Mediterranean and European empire
170
Rome was a _________ society from 5-2 century BCE
military
171
An aspiring magistrate had to have performed _________ of military service
10 years
172
Where would victorious generals bring their troops and loot?
To Rome so that they could be celebrated by the Roman people
173
Roman Imperialism is ______________
expansionist
174
What is the pax romana?
if you give in to Rome they will be merciful, if you resist, they will destroy you. A settled state enforced by Roman mind
175
The Punic wars consisted of ________ against Rome
Carthage
176
Carthage wanted naval control of ____________ where?
trade-routes, silver in Sicily and southern Italy
177
Carthage suffered a serious defeat in the punic wars from who?
tyrants Gelon and Theron
178
When did the conflict between Rome and Carthage begin?
When Rome became the ruler of Magna Graecia (264 BCE)
179
The first punic war was ___________
unintentional
180
Since Carthage lost the first punic war, they took an interest in which country?
Spain
181
Why did Rome defeat Carthage?
Determination, Inventiveness and adaptability (corvus), reserves of manpower
182
Why did Carthage send Atilius Regulus to Rome?
to negotiate exchange of prisoners
183
Why did Regulus return to Carthage after he went to Rome and told them not to exchange prisoners?
Because he had given his word
184
What is a corvus?
a rotatable boarding bridge - turned sea battle into land battle
185
Who provoked the second Punic War?
Carthage in Spain
186
Who is Hannibal?
Carthaginian general
187
What did Hannibal do?
invaded Italy when Rome had not yet declared war.
188
What 2 things did Hannibal think would happen that didnt?
He thought that the Italian tribes would leave Rome and that he would receive reinforcements from Spain or Africa
189
How did Fabius Maximus inconvenience Hannibal?
He delayed him - slowed him down
190
Who defeated Hannibal?
Scipio
191
What 3 things did Hannibal succeed to do?
combine infantry and cavalry, made military intelligence important and had loyalty from his troups
192
Who provoked the third punic war?
Carthage
193
After the 3rd punic war, what did Rome do?
sacked Carthage - did NOT salt the earth
194
After the Hannibalistic war, what happened?
competent military leaders elected repeatedly (Scipio)
195
What is a by-product of war and empire?
personal wealth of the equestrian class
196
Where was wealth acquired?
Landowning
197
Because the wealthy owned all the land, who suffered?
The small-owners because they could not compete
198
What happened due to the demise of the small-holdings?
The occupants migrated to Rome and caused less people to be able to join the military
199
What did people do with their money during the collapse of the republic?
buried it causing coin herds (we can tell when there were times of violence)
200
The Italian allies wanted to be granted what?
Roman citizenship
201
what are the populares?
the demi-gods (the wealthy class) caused by the response of the oligarchy when Italian allies wanted to be granted citizenship
202
Who was Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus?
tribune of the plebs - proposed a law to address the question of land-reform
203
What did Gracchus do to make the Senate angry?
submitted a bill to the plebs without consulting the Senate
204
When Marcus Octavius used veto on Gracchus' bill, what happened?
He got removed from office
205
Who took away land from the upper classes (which in fact belonged to the State) and caused their wrath?
Gracchus
206
How did Gracchus die?
He was murdered by a senatorial mob (Beginning of the Roman revolution)
207
What did Gracchus do to avoid prosecution?
sought immediate re-election
208
Who is Gaius Gracchus
Tiberius Gracchus' brother - murdered when he tried to follow his brother's footsteps
209
Gaius Marius was a ______________
novus homo
210
How many times in a row was Gaius Marius elected consul?
5 years in a row
211
Who did Marius allow to enlist in the army?
the landless
212
What are client armies created by Marius?
soldiers with no land to return to favoured Marius over the Republic - no longer loyal to the state
213
What was the social war?
The Roman allies attacking Rome
214
How did Rome win the social war?
Allies lost interest after they gained citizenship
215
Who was Lucius Cornelius Sull Felix?
enemy of Marius - used his army to seize control of Rome
216
What were Sulla's 4 reforms?
the tribunes of the plebs were weakened, increase in praetors (commander of an army, or elected magistrate) to 8, governors need approval of Senate to wage war, and new senators enrolled to make up for losses
217
Who was Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey)
son of a novus homo
218
How did Pompey gain wealth and power?
By supporting Sulla in his invasion of Italy (like Crassus)
219
Pompey ________ opportunity to seize power of Rome
declined - didnt want a dictator
220
Why was Pompey angry at the Senate?
Because when he came back with his men, he wanted them to be rewarded but the senate wouldnt give them anything
221
How does Marcus Tullius Cicero rise to prominence?
by using rhetoric
222
Who was Marcus Tullius Cicero?
a novus homo
223
Who was an imperator togatus?
Cicero
224
Cicero allies himself with ________
Pompey
225
Cicero wanted to be in the __________
Senate
226
When was Julius Caesar killed?
March 15th 44 BCE
227
Who did Caesar claim to be descended from?
Venus and Aeneas "divine right" to rule
228
Caesar was abducted by _________ and then _________ them when he was let go
Pirates, crucified
229
Caesar went into debt because of his campaign but made back his money when?
when he was in office
230
Who were the 3 in the first Triumvirate?
Caesar, Pompey and Crassus
231
Thanks to who did Caesar win consulship and proconsulship in ______
Pompey and Crassus, Gaul
232
While Caesar is brutalizing Gaul, who dies and what happens?
Crassus is killed and the Triumvirate ends
233
How did Caesar declare the civil war on Rome?
Crosses the Rubicon river (boundary between Gaul and Italy)
234
How did Caesar overwhelm Rome?
By getting to Rome before Pompey's troops could gather
235
Where does Caesar defeat Pompey?
In Greece - battle of Pharsalus
236
Where does Pompey flee and who kills him?
Pompey flees to Egypt and is killed by Ptolemy
237
Caesar follows Pompey to Egypt and meets who?
Cleopatra
238
What happened when Caesar returned to Rome?
Dressed like a king, names dictator for life and many wanted him dead
239
Where was Caesar killed?
On the steps of the Senate
240
What were Caesars last words?
"You too, child" - to Brutus
241
Who killed Caesar?
people who believed in the republic
242
Who was Caesar's adopted heir?
Caesar Octavian (Augustus)
243
Did the republic return after Caesar's death?
No
244
After Caesar's death the conflict was between who?
Mark Antony and Augustus (Octavian)
245
Where was Antony defeated?
Battle of Actium - Defeat of Antony (And Cleopatra)
246
Who was the first Ptolemy to speak Egyptian?
Cleopatra VII
247
Cleopatra bore children to which 2 people?
Caesar and Mark Antony
248
What was the secret to Cleo's success?
her conversation, not her looks (Plutarch)
249
Augustus focused the war on who?
Cleo, not Antony (avoid a civil war)
250
What was the challenge for Augustus?
to create a system for permanent rule - acceptance of equestrian/senatorial elite and loyalty of the army
251
Who were the "unworthy men" according to Augustus?
refusing to swear an oath of loyalty to Augustus
252
Augustus gave himself which title?
princeps - "first among equals"
253
Princeps does not suggest what?
absolute authority
254
Augustus' intentions were to ___________
restore the republic
255
Augustus was a master at what?
exerting his influence (auctoritas) indirectly - not directly initiated by Augustus
256
Augustus wanted to pass on the position to who?
A blood relative (adopted son Tiberius)
257
Why did Augustus not choose his daughter Julia as his successor?
She's a girl with an active social life
258
What was the "great age"?
Augustan Rome
259
What are the two views of Augustus?
1) Altruistic "knight" who saves the Romans from themselves
| 2) Autocrat who keeps power at all costs
260
Who changed the view of Augustus as a positive figure?
Ronald Syme - chapter called "dux" - general (title taken by Mussolini)
261
Augustan settlements established what?
secure and prosperous Roman state
