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Classics 1000 > Winter Midterm > Flashcards

Winter Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Who set the terms and rules for philosophy?

A

Plato and Aristotle

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2
Q

What is myth interested in?

A

Nature of the kosmos (narrative)

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3
Q

What is philosophy interested in?

A

systematic, apparently logical account of the natural world

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4
Q

Plato’s approach was

A

Guilt culture

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5
Q

___ work(s) of Socrates survive(s)

A

0

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6
Q

Who were the Milesians

A

physical/natural philosophers from the south

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7
Q

What were the Milesians interested in?

A

Material understanding of the world. How the world came to be

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8
Q

What was the Thales’ arche? (first principle)

A

Water

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9
Q

What was Thales said to have done?

A

predicted an eclipse

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10
Q

What was the arche according to Anaximander?

A

to Apeiron (the unlimited)

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11
Q

What was Anaximander’s theory?

A

Idea of opposites - opposites act in a way that causes reality (generation and corruption) (things going in and out of being)

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12
Q

What was the arche according to Axamenes?

A

Air (dense and rarefaction)

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13
Q

What was the arche according to Heraclitus?

A

Fire

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14
Q

Who were Anaximenes and Heraclitus followers of?

A

Anaximander

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15
Q

What is Parmenides’ theory?

A

His account denies motion, change and difference

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16
Q

What is the only thing that makes logical sense according to Parmenides?

A

Is (Is not makes no sense)

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17
Q

How did Empedocles die?

A

By leaping into Mt. Etna

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18
Q

What did Empedocles leave behind when he died?

A

Gold sandals (wore wool sandals)

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19
Q

What is the Strasbourg Papyrus?

A

Papyrus (6 parts) from a text of Empedocles.

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20
Q

How many lines is the Strasbourg Papyrus?

A

69

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21
Q

What was the school of Parmenides?

A

Eleatics

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22
Q

What is Plato’s answer to Parmenides’ revelation?

A

If something is something and then it ceases to exist then it is not

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23
Q

What is Empedocles’ answer to Parmenides’ revelation?

A

We see things moving but movement means not being. If we have a plurality of things then one thing is not

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24
Q

What are the 4 roots according to Theophrastus

A 
Zeus = fire
Hera = air
Hades = earth
Nestis = water
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25
Q

Parmenides says that what affects the four roots?

A

Love and Strife

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26
Q

What is philotes?

A

A term for love (a powerful cosmic force)

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27
Q

What is neikos?

A

A term for strife (a cosmic force)

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28
Q

What is the cycle of change?

A

The roots change due to love and strife and so they change their form but they are always there

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29
Q

Explain “purifications”

A

Can the purifications ever be reconciled with the physika? Strasbourg papyrus contains elements from both these poems

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30
Q

What does Greek myth reinforce?

A

division between God and Human

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31
Q

What is an exception to the division between god and human?

A

Heracles

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32
Q

Claiming to be a god was seen as what?

A

invitation for punishment

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33
Q

What are the gold leaves?

A

Gold leaves found in graves on which text has been inscribed. Found across the Mediterranean

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34
Q

What were the inscriptions on the gold leaves?

A

Instructions for what the descendants must do

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35
Q

What are human beings according to Empedocles?

A

gods who are exiled from their divine state

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36
Q

What is shedding blood?

A

a crime

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37
Q

What does sophist mean?

A

A practitioner of Sophia - “wisdom” or “skill”

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38
Q

What advantage would speaking give a man?

A

Influence in public settings and the ability to sway an audience

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39
Q

What type of speech was emphasized?

A

rhetoric

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40
Q

What did Socrates write?

A

nothing

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41
Q

What literature became a genre?

A

Socratic literature

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42
Q

What did Plato renounce?

A

His ambition for a public career

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43
Q

How did Plato reject Socrates?

A

He rejected marriage, he founded a school, produced many written works

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44
Q

What was the name of Plato’s school?

A

The Academy

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45
Q

In what form are Plato’s works?

A

Dialogues

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46
Q

What are the characteristics of Plato’s early dialogues?

A

Socrates is a central figure, doubt, little positive construction, Socrates scrutinizing claims

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47
Q

What are the characteristics of Plato’s middle dialogues?

A

Socrates is still a central figure, develops positive views of his own, positive construction

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48
Q

What are the characteristics of Plato’s late dialogues?

A

Socrates is less important, Plato develops his own views

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49
Q

Why did Aristotle not get medical training?

A

because his parents died when he was young

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50
Q

Where did Aristotle study?

A

Plato’s Academy

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51
Q

Whose tutor was Aristotle?

A

Alexander the Great

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52
Q

What would Alexander’s soldiers do?

A

collect specimens for Aristotle

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53
Q

What was Aristotle’s school called?

A

Lyceum

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54
Q

Which works survive from Aristotle’s school?

A

Esoteric works (read in the school - specific and abstruse)

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55
Q

Which works do not survive from Aristotle’s school?

A

Exoteric works (read outside of school - general and explained)

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56
Q

What injury did Hippocrates fix?

A

fractures (still dealt with in the same way)

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57
Q

What was medicine a mixture of?

A

divine healing and physician’s aid

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58
Q

Who is Hippocrates?

A

a contemporary of Socrates (a physician)

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59
Q

According to Hippocrates, when did people get sick?

A

when things get imbalanced

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60
Q

Galen rose from being a gladiator-physician to what?

A

court-physician of emperor Marcus Aurelius

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61
Q

What was the four humour system?

A

yellow bile, black bile, phlegm and blood

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62
Q

What are the three organic systems according to Galen?

A

heart, brain and liver

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63
Q

What is extispicy

A

looking at entrails and examining the insides of animals

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64
Q

Where did physicians make observations about the internal organs?

A

The battle field.

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65
Q

When did formal study of anatomy begin?

A

After the conquests of Alexander in Egypt (mummification - remove the organs first)

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66
Q

Herophilus performed what kind of experiments on convicted criminals?

A

vivsectory - tie them down and cut them open

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67
Q

What caused illnesses in women?

A

the wandering womb

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68
Q

What was the brain considered to be?

A

semen

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69
Q

Where was consciousness located?

A

The psychic organs - mind, lungs, diaphragm, heart

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70
Q

How was Prometheus punished for helping humans?

A

An eagle comes each day to where he is tied to a pillar and pecks out his liver which grows back

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71
Q

Why was Prometheus punished with the liver?

A

The liver was believed to be the seat of deep feelings (sexual passion)

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72
Q

How were low criminals punished?

A

crucifixion

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73
Q

Why did the Great Plague of Athens hit?

A

Sparta invaded Attica during the Peloponnesian War and the inhabitants were brought within the Athenian walls

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74
Q

According to the Greeks - what caused and cured a disease?

A

The gods - healing = religion

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75
Q

How does Thucydides write an accurate depiction of the plague?

A

He had it and then survived

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76
Q

Who took care of the sick during the plague?

A

those who had already been affected

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77
Q

Why did Greeks not understand contagion?

A

Diseases are about the individual, not the population

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78
Q

What does gymnastics mean?

A

exercise in the nude

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79
Q

What does athletics mean?

A

competition for a prize

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80
Q

What does Arete mean?

A

excellence

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81
Q

Where does Thucydides say nude sport originated?

A

Sparta

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82
Q

Where does Plato say nude sport originated?

A

Cretans, and then picked up by the Spartans

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83
Q

Where does Pausanius say nude sport originated?

A

The Olympics - someone took off their clothes to run faster

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84
Q

Athletes in Homer and Mycenean art are _____ when exercising

A

clothed

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85
Q

A gymnasium was also a place to ________

A

pick up boys

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86
Q

What is infibulation?

A

string tied around the foreskin to keep an erection restrained or to keep it out of the way or to remove yourself from the erotic aspect of athletics

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87
Q

What are the three main gyms in Athens?

A

Academy, Lyceum and Kynosarges (education both intellectual and physical)

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88
Q

Who could use the gym?

A

All citizen males (not women, foreigners or slaves)

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89
Q

What athletic gear was used?

A

Oil, strigil (take off the dust and oil), pickaxe (amke ground soft), and practice cap

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90
Q

What are the different sporting events? (5)

A

Footraces, boxing, wrestling, pancration, pentathlon

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91
Q

When does a match of boxing or pancration end?

A

When an opponent gives up, is unconscious or dead

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92
Q

What are the only 2 rules in pancration?

A

no biting, no eye-gouging

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93
Q

What are himantes and who would use them?

A

strips of leather to go around hand and forearm and boxers

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94
Q

What is a dustless victory?

A

When the opponent bows out without trying

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95
Q

What are the five events of the Pentathlon?

A

stade, wrestling, discus, javelin and long jump

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96
Q

What is the skamma?

A

The area with turned up earth to create a softer ground for long jump, etc

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97
Q

Who participated in the horse races?

A

Elite only! However hired someone or had a slave jockey to actually compete (buy a win)

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98
Q

What prize(s) were given out at the end of athletic competitions?

A

Only one winner - first place (symbolic, money or value prizes)

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99
Q

Why do Greeks bring politics into sport?

A

because the athlete is identified as the city from which they come

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100
Q

Why is female sport sanctioned at Sparta?

A

eugenic reasons (better breeding)

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101
Q

Is there more evidence for female sport in text or art?

A

Art

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102
Q

What two events caused a reduced amount of citizen males?

A

Peloponnesian War and Plague

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103
Q

Did the Greeks deal a death-blow to the Persians?

A

No. It was a very minor-issue to them. They were just not in the mood or position to invade anymore

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104
Q

Where is Macedon?

A

connection between the Blakans and the Greek peninsula

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105
Q

Who was Philip II

A

A Macedonian general who expanded Macedionian control and influence

106
Q

What characteristic in a skull caused people to think it was that of Philip II?

A

a wound in the right eye

107
Q

How did Alexander the Great expand Macedonian control to the East?

A

by subjugating the former Persian empire

108
Q

Other than Persia, what else did Alexander the Great conquer?

A

Egypt and most of India

109
Q

Who was considered monarch to much of the world?

A

Alexander the Great

110
Q

Who were the Diadochi?

A

The successors to Alexander who partitioned Alexander;s empire

111
Q

What was the problem with Alexander’s empire?

A

Communication across the large amount of land

112
Q

After the Peloponnesian war, what became the major cultural centre?

A

Alexandria under Ptolemy I

113
Q

With Alexandria as the new cultural centre, there was a nostalgia for _______

A

the great Classical Age (Periclean Athens)

114
Q

What was the first formal library?

A

Library of Alexandria

115
Q

What did the library of Alexandria contain and how did they get it all?

A

Ambitious collection of all Greek literature. Ptolemy sent emissaries to the Greek cities and had them copy or purchase texts.

116
Q

Library of Alexandria contained what?

A

Catalogues by Callimachus

117
Q

A museum is sometimes considered what?

A

first university - but didnt involve teaching

118
Q

There is a tendency to view Hellenistic literature as ______________

A

a transition from Classical Greece to Augustan Rome

119
Q

Alexandrian Poetry focused on __________

A

Obscure mythical subjects and unusual language

120
Q

With how many books is the major Alexandrian Callimachus credited?

A

800 books - poetry published on papyri

121
Q

What did the major Alexandrian Theocritus romanticize in his pastoral poetry?

A

the rural way of life

122
Q

What are the 2 main sources of evidence of early Rome?

A

archaeology and later ancient historians

123
Q

Were the Greeks or the Romans closer to the Indo-Europeans?

A

Romans

124
Q

Why is it called the orientalizing phase?

A

Presence of Greek pottery

125
Q

What do we know about Latial II

A

low economic development (no art, elaborate architecture), no social stratification

126
Q

What do we know about Latial III

A

economic advancement and specialization, domestic pottery, some social stratification

127
Q

What do we know about Latial IV

A

increase in wealth, celebration of military prowess, rise of centralized authority

128
Q

Romulus and Remus are descendants of ______

A

Aeneas

129
Q

The mother of Romulus and Remus is _______ and was made a _______ by _______

A

Rhea Silva, A Vestal Virgin, Amulius

130
Q

Romulus and Remus are the children of Rhea Silva and her rapist ______

A

Mars (Ares)

131
Q

Romulus and Remus were found by __________ , a royal herdsman

A

Faustulus

132
Q

Romulus and Remus founded Rome, ________ walled the city and ______ was killed (either by _______ or Celer)

A

Romulus, Remus

133
Q

The first citizens of Rome found by Romulus were who?

A

Fugitives (got wives by stealing daughters of a local tribe)

134
Q

Which tribe joined Rome even though Romulus stole their daughters?

A

the Sabini

135
Q

What is the meaning of the myth of Romulus and Remus?

A

Maturation rites of young men, puberty initiation, political realities of the republican period

136
Q

Jupiter’s importance was increased in Rome after __________, but before that it was _____

A

Contact with the Greeks, Mars

137
Q

Some evidence suggests that a rex was a ____________

A

priestly office

138
Q

Superbus means _______

A

arrogant

139
Q

Who were the most important of the pre-Roman indigenous peoples of Italy?

A

Etruscans

140
Q

The Etruscans were a _________________ civilization

A

significant and highly developed

141
Q

What is the linen book?

A

a mummy wrapped in linen on which there was lots of writing in Etruscan script. Trade between Egyptians and Etruscans?

142
Q

Latin alphabet was adopted from the ________ alphabet

A

Etruscan

143
Q

Herodotus says the Etruscans arrived from where?

A

The East

144
Q

Dionysus of Halicarnassus says the Etruscans were what?

A

Autochthonous

145
Q

What is Bucchero?

A

a distinctive Etruscan style of pottery

146
Q

Etruscan society was very Hellenized - this means they had a large wuantity of _____________

A

imported gods

147
Q

What dynasty at Rome was Etruscan?

A

Tarquin

148
Q

Women were ________ segregated in Etruscan society then in Greek/Roman society

A

less

149
Q

Theopompus states that all Etruscans had large-scale ____

A

orgies

150
Q

Theopompus said that ________ reclined with men at dinner

A

women

151
Q

Theopompus had ________ views about the Etruscans because the Greeks ______ them

A

negative, despised

152
Q

Why does Herodotus say the Persians were defeated?

A

Because soft land breeds soft men

153
Q

Who was the last king of the Roman Monarchy?

A

Tarquinius Superbus

154
Q

The monarchy was replaced by a __________

A

elected republican system

155
Q

What is the pomerium?

A

the sacred boundary of the city

156
Q

Where was the hearth of the whole city of Rome located?

A

temple of Vesta

157
Q

Everything outside of the pomerium was what?

A

militia - threat that needs to be addressed with an army

158
Q

What is imperium?

A

command

159
Q

what is gentes?

A

family or clan groups

160
Q

What are colleges?

A

Organized group of priests or magistrates that do certain jobs in and around the gov

161
Q

who elected roman magistrates?

A

the people

162
Q

what was the annual term for office?

A

1 year

163
Q

Could people get elected right after they served for a year?

A

No. They had to wait at least a year

164
Q

How many consuls were elected?

A

2 - one for home and one for war

165
Q

who are the consuls?

A

The chief and annual civil and military magistrates during the republic

166
Q

What are patrician families?

A

The elite class from which the magistrates were elected

167
Q

What is the plebs?

A

The non-patrician members of the Roman populus (the “mob”)

168
Q

When did the Romans begin their campaign of expansion?

A

the 5th century

169
Q

What is imperialism?

A

growth of the Roman power in Italy and Rome’s creation of its Mediterranean and European empire

170
Q

Rome was a _________ society from 5-2 century BCE

A

military

171
Q

An aspiring magistrate had to have performed _________ of military service

A

10 years

172
Q

Where would victorious generals bring their troops and loot?

A

To Rome so that they could be celebrated by the Roman people

173
Q

Roman Imperialism is ______________

A

expansionist

174
Q

What is the pax romana?

A

if you give in to Rome they will be merciful, if you resist, they will destroy you. A settled state enforced by Roman mind

175
Q

The Punic wars consisted of ________ against Rome

A

Carthage

176
Q

Carthage wanted naval control of ____________ where?

A

trade-routes, silver in Sicily and southern Italy

177
Q

Carthage suffered a serious defeat in the punic wars from who?

A

tyrants Gelon and Theron

178
Q

When did the conflict between Rome and Carthage begin?

A

When Rome became the ruler of Magna Graecia (264 BCE)

179
Q

The first punic war was ___________

A

unintentional

180
Q

Since Carthage lost the first punic war, they took an interest in which country?

A

Spain

181
Q

Why did Rome defeat Carthage?

A

Determination, Inventiveness and adaptability (corvus), reserves of manpower

182
Q

Why did Carthage send Atilius Regulus to Rome?

A

to negotiate exchange of prisoners

183
Q

Why did Regulus return to Carthage after he went to Rome and told them not to exchange prisoners?

A

Because he had given his word

184
Q

What is a corvus?

A

a rotatable boarding bridge - turned sea battle into land battle

185
Q

Who provoked the second Punic War?

A

Carthage in Spain

186
Q

Who is Hannibal?

A

Carthaginian general

187
Q

What did Hannibal do?

A

invaded Italy when Rome had not yet declared war.

188
Q

What 2 things did Hannibal think would happen that didnt?

A

He thought that the Italian tribes would leave Rome and that he would receive reinforcements from Spain or Africa

189
Q

How did Fabius Maximus inconvenience Hannibal?

A

He delayed him - slowed him down

190
Q

Who defeated Hannibal?

A

Scipio

191
Q

What 3 things did Hannibal succeed to do?

A

combine infantry and cavalry, made military intelligence important and had loyalty from his troups

192
Q

Who provoked the third punic war?

A

Carthage

193
Q

After the 3rd punic war, what did Rome do?

A

sacked Carthage - did NOT salt the earth

194
Q

After the Hannibalistic war, what happened?

A

competent military leaders elected repeatedly (Scipio)

195
Q

What is a by-product of war and empire?

A

personal wealth of the equestrian class

196
Q

Where was wealth acquired?

A

Landowning

197
Q

Because the wealthy owned all the land, who suffered?

A

The small-owners because they could not compete

198
Q

What happened due to the demise of the small-holdings?

A

The occupants migrated to Rome and caused less people to be able to join the military

199
Q

What did people do with their money during the collapse of the republic?

A

buried it causing coin herds (we can tell when there were times of violence)

200
Q

The Italian allies wanted to be granted what?

A

Roman citizenship

201
Q

what are the populares?

A

the demi-gods (the wealthy class) caused by the response of the oligarchy when Italian allies wanted to be granted citizenship

202
Q

Who was Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus?

A

tribune of the plebs - proposed a law to address the question of land-reform

203
Q

What did Gracchus do to make the Senate angry?

A

submitted a bill to the plebs without consulting the Senate

204
Q

When Marcus Octavius used veto on Gracchus’ bill, what happened?

A

He got removed from office

205
Q

Who took away land from the upper classes (which in fact belonged to the State) and caused their wrath?

A

Gracchus

206
Q

How did Gracchus die?

A

He was murdered by a senatorial mob (Beginning of the Roman revolution)

207
Q

What did Gracchus do to avoid prosecution?

A

sought immediate re-election

208
Q

Who is Gaius Gracchus

A

Tiberius Gracchus’ brother - murdered when he tried to follow his brother’s footsteps

209
Q

Gaius Marius was a ______________

A

novus homo

210
Q

How many times in a row was Gaius Marius elected consul?

A

5 years in a row

211
Q

Who did Marius allow to enlist in the army?

A

the landless

212
Q

What are client armies created by Marius?

A

soldiers with no land to return to favoured Marius over the Republic - no longer loyal to the state

213
Q

What was the social war?

A

The Roman allies attacking Rome

214
Q

How did Rome win the social war?

A

Allies lost interest after they gained citizenship

215
Q

Who was Lucius Cornelius Sull Felix?

A

enemy of Marius - used his army to seize control of Rome

216
Q

What were Sulla’s 4 reforms?

A

the tribunes of the plebs were weakened, increase in praetors (commander of an army, or elected magistrate) to 8, governors need approval of Senate to wage war, and new senators enrolled to make up for losses

217
Q

Who was Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey)

A

son of a novus homo

218
Q

How did Pompey gain wealth and power?

A

By supporting Sulla in his invasion of Italy (like Crassus)

219
Q

Pompey ________ opportunity to seize power of Rome

A

declined - didnt want a dictator

220
Q

Why was Pompey angry at the Senate?

A

Because when he came back with his men, he wanted them to be rewarded but the senate wouldnt give them anything

221
Q

How does Marcus Tullius Cicero rise to prominence?

A

by using rhetoric

222
Q

Who was Marcus Tullius Cicero?

A

a novus homo

223
Q

Who was an imperator togatus?

A

Cicero

224
Q

Cicero allies himself with ________

A

Pompey

225
Q

Cicero wanted to be in the __________

A

Senate

226
Q

When was Julius Caesar killed?

A

March 15th 44 BCE

227
Q

Who did Caesar claim to be descended from?

A

Venus and Aeneas “divine right” to rule

228
Q

Caesar was abducted by _________ and then _________ them when he was let go

A

Pirates, crucified

229
Q

Caesar went into debt because of his campaign but made back his money when?

A

when he was in office

230
Q

Who were the 3 in the first Triumvirate?

A

Caesar, Pompey and Crassus

231
Q

Thanks to who did Caesar win consulship and proconsulship in ______

A

Pompey and Crassus, Gaul

232
Q

While Caesar is brutalizing Gaul, who dies and what happens?

A

Crassus is killed and the Triumvirate ends

233
Q

How did Caesar declare the civil war on Rome?

A

Crosses the Rubicon river (boundary between Gaul and Italy)

234
Q

How did Caesar overwhelm Rome?

A

By getting to Rome before Pompey’s troops could gather

235
Q

Where does Caesar defeat Pompey?

A

In Greece - battle of Pharsalus

236
Q

Where does Pompey flee and who kills him?

A

Pompey flees to Egypt and is killed by Ptolemy

237
Q

Caesar follows Pompey to Egypt and meets who?

A

Cleopatra

238
Q

What happened when Caesar returned to Rome?

A

Dressed like a king, names dictator for life and many wanted him dead

239
Q

Where was Caesar killed?

A

On the steps of the Senate

240
Q

What were Caesars last words?

A

“You too, child” - to Brutus

241
Q

Who killed Caesar?

A

people who believed in the republic

242
Q

Who was Caesar’s adopted heir?

A

Caesar Octavian (Augustus)

243
Q

Did the republic return after Caesar’s death?

A

No

244
Q

After Caesar’s death the conflict was between who?

A

Mark Antony and Augustus (Octavian)

245
Q

Where was Antony defeated?

A

Battle of Actium - Defeat of Antony (And Cleopatra)

246
Q

Who was the first Ptolemy to speak Egyptian?

A

Cleopatra VII

247
Q

Cleopatra bore children to which 2 people?

A

Caesar and Mark Antony

248
Q

What was the secret to Cleo’s success?

A

her conversation, not her looks (Plutarch)

249
Q

Augustus focused the war on who?

A

Cleo, not Antony (avoid a civil war)

250
Q

What was the challenge for Augustus?

A

to create a system for permanent rule - acceptance of equestrian/senatorial elite and loyalty of the army

251
Q

Who were the “unworthy men” according to Augustus?

A

refusing to swear an oath of loyalty to Augustus

252
Q

Augustus gave himself which title?

A

princeps - “first among equals”

253
Q

Princeps does not suggest what?

A

absolute authority

254
Q

Augustus’ intentions were to ___________

A

restore the republic

255
Q

Augustus was a master at what?

A

exerting his influence (auctoritas) indirectly - not directly initiated by Augustus

256
Q

Augustus wanted to pass on the position to who?

A

A blood relative (adopted son Tiberius)

257
Q

Why did Augustus not choose his daughter Julia as his successor?

A

She’s a girl with an active social life

258
Q

What was the “great age”?

A

Augustan Rome

259
Q

What are the two views of Augustus?

A

1) Altruistic “knight” who saves the Romans from themselves

2) Autocrat who keeps power at all costs

260
Q

Who changed the view of Augustus as a positive figure?

A

Ronald Syme - chapter called “dux” - general (title taken by Mussolini)

261
Q

Augustan settlements established what?

A

secure and prosperous Roman state

Classics 1000 (1 decks)

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