Winter Midterm Flashcards
Who set the terms and rules for philosophy?
Plato and Aristotle
What is myth interested in?
Nature of the kosmos (narrative)
What is philosophy interested in?
systematic, apparently logical account of the natural world
Plato’s approach was
Guilt culture
___ work(s) of Socrates survive(s)
0
Who were the Milesians
physical/natural philosophers from the south
What were the Milesians interested in?
Material understanding of the world. How the world came to be
What was the Thales’ arche? (first principle)
Water
What was Thales said to have done?
predicted an eclipse
What was the arche according to Anaximander?
to Apeiron (the unlimited)
What was Anaximander’s theory?
Idea of opposites - opposites act in a way that causes reality (generation and corruption) (things going in and out of being)
What was the arche according to Axamenes?
Air (dense and rarefaction)
What was the arche according to Heraclitus?
Fire
Who were Anaximenes and Heraclitus followers of?
Anaximander
What is Parmenides’ theory?
His account denies motion, change and difference
What is the only thing that makes logical sense according to Parmenides?
Is (Is not makes no sense)
How did Empedocles die?
By leaping into Mt. Etna
What did Empedocles leave behind when he died?
Gold sandals (wore wool sandals)
What is the Strasbourg Papyrus?
Papyrus (6 parts) from a text of Empedocles.
How many lines is the Strasbourg Papyrus?
69
What was the school of Parmenides?
Eleatics
What is Plato’s answer to Parmenides’ revelation?
If something is something and then it ceases to exist then it is not
What is Empedocles’ answer to Parmenides’ revelation?
We see things moving but movement means not being. If we have a plurality of things then one thing is not
What are the 4 roots according to Theophrastus
Zeus = fire Hera = air Hades = earth Nestis = water
Parmenides says that what affects the four roots?
Love and Strife
What is philotes?
A term for love (a powerful cosmic force)
What is neikos?
A term for strife (a cosmic force)
What is the cycle of change?
The roots change due to love and strife and so they change their form but they are always there
Explain “purifications”
Can the purifications ever be reconciled with the physika? Strasbourg papyrus contains elements from both these poems
What does Greek myth reinforce?
division between God and Human
What is an exception to the division between god and human?
Heracles
Claiming to be a god was seen as what?
invitation for punishment
What are the gold leaves?
Gold leaves found in graves on which text has been inscribed. Found across the Mediterranean
What were the inscriptions on the gold leaves?
Instructions for what the descendants must do
What are human beings according to Empedocles?
gods who are exiled from their divine state
What is shedding blood?
a crime
What does sophist mean?
A practitioner of Sophia - “wisdom” or “skill”
What advantage would speaking give a man?
Influence in public settings and the ability to sway an audience
What type of speech was emphasized?
rhetoric
What did Socrates write?
nothing
What literature became a genre?
Socratic literature
What did Plato renounce?
His ambition for a public career
How did Plato reject Socrates?
He rejected marriage, he founded a school, produced many written works
What was the name of Plato’s school?
The Academy
In what form are Plato’s works?
Dialogues
What are the characteristics of Plato’s early dialogues?
Socrates is a central figure, doubt, little positive construction, Socrates scrutinizing claims
What are the characteristics of Plato’s middle dialogues?
Socrates is still a central figure, develops positive views of his own, positive construction
What are the characteristics of Plato’s late dialogues?
Socrates is less important, Plato develops his own views
Why did Aristotle not get medical training?
because his parents died when he was young
Where did Aristotle study?
Plato’s Academy
Whose tutor was Aristotle?
Alexander the Great
What would Alexander’s soldiers do?
collect specimens for Aristotle
What was Aristotle’s school called?
Lyceum
Which works survive from Aristotle’s school?
Esoteric works (read in the school - specific and abstruse)
Which works do not survive from Aristotle’s school?
Exoteric works (read outside of school - general and explained)
What injury did Hippocrates fix?
fractures (still dealt with in the same way)
What was medicine a mixture of?
divine healing and physician’s aid
Who is Hippocrates?
a contemporary of Socrates (a physician)
According to Hippocrates, when did people get sick?
when things get imbalanced
Galen rose from being a gladiator-physician to what?
court-physician of emperor Marcus Aurelius
What was the four humour system?
yellow bile, black bile, phlegm and blood
What are the three organic systems according to Galen?
heart, brain and liver
What is extispicy
looking at entrails and examining the insides of animals
Where did physicians make observations about the internal organs?
The battle field.
When did formal study of anatomy begin?
After the conquests of Alexander in Egypt (mummification - remove the organs first)
Herophilus performed what kind of experiments on convicted criminals?
vivsectory - tie them down and cut them open
What caused illnesses in women?
the wandering womb
What was the brain considered to be?
semen
Where was consciousness located?
The psychic organs - mind, lungs, diaphragm, heart
How was Prometheus punished for helping humans?
An eagle comes each day to where he is tied to a pillar and pecks out his liver which grows back
Why was Prometheus punished with the liver?
The liver was believed to be the seat of deep feelings (sexual passion)
How were low criminals punished?
crucifixion
Why did the Great Plague of Athens hit?
Sparta invaded Attica during the Peloponnesian War and the inhabitants were brought within the Athenian walls
According to the Greeks - what caused and cured a disease?
The gods - healing = religion
How does Thucydides write an accurate depiction of the plague?
He had it and then survived
Who took care of the sick during the plague?
those who had already been affected
Why did Greeks not understand contagion?
Diseases are about the individual, not the population
What does gymnastics mean?
exercise in the nude
What does athletics mean?
competition for a prize
What does Arete mean?
excellence
Where does Thucydides say nude sport originated?
Sparta
Where does Plato say nude sport originated?
Cretans, and then picked up by the Spartans
Where does Pausanius say nude sport originated?
The Olympics - someone took off their clothes to run faster
Athletes in Homer and Mycenean art are _____ when exercising
clothed
A gymnasium was also a place to ________
pick up boys
What is infibulation?
string tied around the foreskin to keep an erection restrained or to keep it out of the way or to remove yourself from the erotic aspect of athletics
What are the three main gyms in Athens?
Academy, Lyceum and Kynosarges (education both intellectual and physical)
Who could use the gym?
All citizen males (not women, foreigners or slaves)
What athletic gear was used?
Oil, strigil (take off the dust and oil), pickaxe (amke ground soft), and practice cap
What are the different sporting events? (5)
Footraces, boxing, wrestling, pancration, pentathlon
When does a match of boxing or pancration end?
When an opponent gives up, is unconscious or dead
What are the only 2 rules in pancration?
no biting, no eye-gouging
What are himantes and who would use them?
strips of leather to go around hand and forearm and boxers
What is a dustless victory?
When the opponent bows out without trying
What are the five events of the Pentathlon?
stade, wrestling, discus, javelin and long jump
What is the skamma?
The area with turned up earth to create a softer ground for long jump, etc
Who participated in the horse races?
Elite only! However hired someone or had a slave jockey to actually compete (buy a win)
What prize(s) were given out at the end of athletic competitions?
Only one winner - first place (symbolic, money or value prizes)
Why do Greeks bring politics into sport?
because the athlete is identified as the city from which they come
Why is female sport sanctioned at Sparta?
eugenic reasons (better breeding)
Is there more evidence for female sport in text or art?
Art
What two events caused a reduced amount of citizen males?
Peloponnesian War and Plague
Did the Greeks deal a death-blow to the Persians?
No. It was a very minor-issue to them. They were just not in the mood or position to invade anymore
Where is Macedon?
connection between the Blakans and the Greek peninsula
Who was Philip II
A Macedonian general who expanded Macedionian control and influence
What characteristic in a skull caused people to think it was that of Philip II?
a wound in the right eye
How did Alexander the Great expand Macedonian control to the East?
by subjugating the former Persian empire
Other than Persia, what else did Alexander the Great conquer?
Egypt and most of India
Who was considered monarch to much of the world?
Alexander the Great
Who were the Diadochi?
The successors to Alexander who partitioned Alexander;s empire
What was the problem with Alexander’s empire?
Communication across the large amount of land
After the Peloponnesian war, what became the major cultural centre?
Alexandria under Ptolemy I
With Alexandria as the new cultural centre, there was a nostalgia for _______
the great Classical Age (Periclean Athens)
What was the first formal library?
Library of Alexandria
What did the library of Alexandria contain and how did they get it all?
Ambitious collection of all Greek literature. Ptolemy sent emissaries to the Greek cities and had them copy or purchase texts.
Library of Alexandria contained what?
Catalogues by Callimachus
A museum is sometimes considered what?
first university - but didnt involve teaching
There is a tendency to view Hellenistic literature as ______________
a transition from Classical Greece to Augustan Rome
Alexandrian Poetry focused on __________
Obscure mythical subjects and unusual language
With how many books is the major Alexandrian Callimachus credited?
800 books - poetry published on papyri
What did the major Alexandrian Theocritus romanticize in his pastoral poetry?
the rural way of life
What are the 2 main sources of evidence of early Rome?
archaeology and later ancient historians
Were the Greeks or the Romans closer to the Indo-Europeans?
Romans
Why is it called the orientalizing phase?
Presence of Greek pottery
What do we know about Latial II
low economic development (no art, elaborate architecture), no social stratification
What do we know about Latial III
economic advancement and specialization, domestic pottery, some social stratification
What do we know about Latial IV
increase in wealth, celebration of military prowess, rise of centralized authority
Romulus and Remus are descendants of ______
Aeneas
The mother of Romulus and Remus is _______ and was made a _______ by _______
Rhea Silva, A Vestal Virgin, Amulius
Romulus and Remus are the children of Rhea Silva and her rapist ______
Mars (Ares)
Romulus and Remus were found by __________ , a royal herdsman
Faustulus
Romulus and Remus founded Rome, ________ walled the city and ______ was killed (either by _______ or Celer)
Romulus, Remus
The first citizens of Rome found by Romulus were who?
Fugitives (got wives by stealing daughters of a local tribe)
Which tribe joined Rome even though Romulus stole their daughters?
the Sabini
What is the meaning of the myth of Romulus and Remus?
Maturation rites of young men, puberty initiation, political realities of the republican period
Jupiter’s importance was increased in Rome after __________, but before that it was _____
Contact with the Greeks, Mars
Some evidence suggests that a rex was a ____________
priestly office
Superbus means _______
arrogant
Who were the most important of the pre-Roman indigenous peoples of Italy?
Etruscans
The Etruscans were a _________________ civilization
significant and highly developed
What is the linen book?
a mummy wrapped in linen on which there was lots of writing in Etruscan script. Trade between Egyptians and Etruscans?
Latin alphabet was adopted from the ________ alphabet
Etruscan
Herodotus says the Etruscans arrived from where?
The East
Dionysus of Halicarnassus says the Etruscans were what?
Autochthonous
What is Bucchero?
a distinctive Etruscan style of pottery
Etruscan society was very Hellenized - this means they had a large wuantity of _____________
imported gods
What dynasty at Rome was Etruscan?
Tarquin
Women were ________ segregated in Etruscan society then in Greek/Roman society
less
Theopompus states that all Etruscans had large-scale ____
orgies
Theopompus said that ________ reclined with men at dinner
women
Theopompus had ________ views about the Etruscans because the Greeks ______ them
negative, despised
Why does Herodotus say the Persians were defeated?
Because soft land breeds soft men
Who was the last king of the Roman Monarchy?
Tarquinius Superbus
The monarchy was replaced by a __________
elected republican system
What is the pomerium?
the sacred boundary of the city
Where was the hearth of the whole city of Rome located?
temple of Vesta
Everything outside of the pomerium was what?
militia - threat that needs to be addressed with an army
What is imperium?
command
what is gentes?
family or clan groups
What are colleges?
Organized group of priests or magistrates that do certain jobs in and around the gov
who elected roman magistrates?
the people
what was the annual term for office?
1 year
Could people get elected right after they served for a year?
No. They had to wait at least a year
How many consuls were elected?
2 - one for home and one for war
who are the consuls?
The chief and annual civil and military magistrates during the republic
What are patrician families?
The elite class from which the magistrates were elected
What is the plebs?
The non-patrician members of the Roman populus (the “mob”)
When did the Romans begin their campaign of expansion?
the 5th century
What is imperialism?
growth of the Roman power in Italy and Rome’s creation of its Mediterranean and European empire
Rome was a _________ society from 5-2 century BCE
military
An aspiring magistrate had to have performed _________ of military service
10 years
Where would victorious generals bring their troops and loot?
To Rome so that they could be celebrated by the Roman people
Roman Imperialism is ______________
expansionist
What is the pax romana?
if you give in to Rome they will be merciful, if you resist, they will destroy you. A settled state enforced by Roman mind
The Punic wars consisted of ________ against Rome
Carthage
Carthage wanted naval control of ____________ where?
trade-routes, silver in Sicily and southern Italy
Carthage suffered a serious defeat in the punic wars from who?
tyrants Gelon and Theron
When did the conflict between Rome and Carthage begin?
When Rome became the ruler of Magna Graecia (264 BCE)
The first punic war was ___________
unintentional
Since Carthage lost the first punic war, they took an interest in which country?
Spain
Why did Rome defeat Carthage?
Determination, Inventiveness and adaptability (corvus), reserves of manpower
Why did Carthage send Atilius Regulus to Rome?
to negotiate exchange of prisoners
Why did Regulus return to Carthage after he went to Rome and told them not to exchange prisoners?
Because he had given his word
What is a corvus?
a rotatable boarding bridge - turned sea battle into land battle
Who provoked the second Punic War?
Carthage in Spain
Who is Hannibal?
Carthaginian general
What did Hannibal do?
invaded Italy when Rome had not yet declared war.
What 2 things did Hannibal think would happen that didnt?
He thought that the Italian tribes would leave Rome and that he would receive reinforcements from Spain or Africa
How did Fabius Maximus inconvenience Hannibal?
He delayed him - slowed him down
Who defeated Hannibal?
Scipio
What 3 things did Hannibal succeed to do?
combine infantry and cavalry, made military intelligence important and had loyalty from his troups
Who provoked the third punic war?
Carthage
After the 3rd punic war, what did Rome do?
sacked Carthage - did NOT salt the earth
After the Hannibalistic war, what happened?
competent military leaders elected repeatedly (Scipio)
What is a by-product of war and empire?
personal wealth of the equestrian class
Where was wealth acquired?
Landowning
Because the wealthy owned all the land, who suffered?
The small-owners because they could not compete
What happened due to the demise of the small-holdings?
The occupants migrated to Rome and caused less people to be able to join the military
What did people do with their money during the collapse of the republic?
buried it causing coin herds (we can tell when there were times of violence)
The Italian allies wanted to be granted what?
Roman citizenship
what are the populares?
the demi-gods (the wealthy class) caused by the response of the oligarchy when Italian allies wanted to be granted citizenship
Who was Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus?
tribune of the plebs - proposed a law to address the question of land-reform
What did Gracchus do to make the Senate angry?
submitted a bill to the plebs without consulting the Senate
When Marcus Octavius used veto on Gracchus’ bill, what happened?
He got removed from office
Who took away land from the upper classes (which in fact belonged to the State) and caused their wrath?
Gracchus
How did Gracchus die?
He was murdered by a senatorial mob (Beginning of the Roman revolution)
What did Gracchus do to avoid prosecution?
sought immediate re-election
Who is Gaius Gracchus
Tiberius Gracchus’ brother - murdered when he tried to follow his brother’s footsteps
Gaius Marius was a ______________
novus homo
How many times in a row was Gaius Marius elected consul?
5 years in a row
Who did Marius allow to enlist in the army?
the landless
What are client armies created by Marius?
soldiers with no land to return to favoured Marius over the Republic - no longer loyal to the state
What was the social war?
The Roman allies attacking Rome
How did Rome win the social war?
Allies lost interest after they gained citizenship
Who was Lucius Cornelius Sull Felix?
enemy of Marius - used his army to seize control of Rome
What were Sulla’s 4 reforms?
the tribunes of the plebs were weakened, increase in praetors (commander of an army, or elected magistrate) to 8, governors need approval of Senate to wage war, and new senators enrolled to make up for losses
Who was Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey)
son of a novus homo
How did Pompey gain wealth and power?
By supporting Sulla in his invasion of Italy (like Crassus)
Pompey ________ opportunity to seize power of Rome
declined - didnt want a dictator
Why was Pompey angry at the Senate?
Because when he came back with his men, he wanted them to be rewarded but the senate wouldnt give them anything
How does Marcus Tullius Cicero rise to prominence?
by using rhetoric
Who was Marcus Tullius Cicero?
a novus homo
Who was an imperator togatus?
Cicero
Cicero allies himself with ________
Pompey
Cicero wanted to be in the __________
Senate
When was Julius Caesar killed?
March 15th 44 BCE
Who did Caesar claim to be descended from?
Venus and Aeneas “divine right” to rule
Caesar was abducted by _________ and then _________ them when he was let go
Pirates, crucified
Caesar went into debt because of his campaign but made back his money when?
when he was in office
Who were the 3 in the first Triumvirate?
Caesar, Pompey and Crassus
Thanks to who did Caesar win consulship and proconsulship in ______
Pompey and Crassus, Gaul
While Caesar is brutalizing Gaul, who dies and what happens?
Crassus is killed and the Triumvirate ends
How did Caesar declare the civil war on Rome?
Crosses the Rubicon river (boundary between Gaul and Italy)
How did Caesar overwhelm Rome?
By getting to Rome before Pompey’s troops could gather
Where does Caesar defeat Pompey?
In Greece - battle of Pharsalus
Where does Pompey flee and who kills him?
Pompey flees to Egypt and is killed by Ptolemy
Caesar follows Pompey to Egypt and meets who?
Cleopatra
What happened when Caesar returned to Rome?
Dressed like a king, names dictator for life and many wanted him dead
Where was Caesar killed?
On the steps of the Senate
What were Caesars last words?
“You too, child” - to Brutus
Who killed Caesar?
people who believed in the republic
Who was Caesar’s adopted heir?
Caesar Octavian (Augustus)
Did the republic return after Caesar’s death?
No
After Caesar’s death the conflict was between who?
Mark Antony and Augustus (Octavian)
Where was Antony defeated?
Battle of Actium - Defeat of Antony (And Cleopatra)
Who was the first Ptolemy to speak Egyptian?
Cleopatra VII
Cleopatra bore children to which 2 people?
Caesar and Mark Antony
What was the secret to Cleo’s success?
her conversation, not her looks (Plutarch)
Augustus focused the war on who?
Cleo, not Antony (avoid a civil war)
What was the challenge for Augustus?
to create a system for permanent rule - acceptance of equestrian/senatorial elite and loyalty of the army
Who were the “unworthy men” according to Augustus?
refusing to swear an oath of loyalty to Augustus
Augustus gave himself which title?
princeps - “first among equals”
Princeps does not suggest what?
absolute authority
Augustus’ intentions were to ___________
restore the republic
Augustus was a master at what?
exerting his influence (auctoritas) indirectly - not directly initiated by Augustus
Augustus wanted to pass on the position to who?
A blood relative (adopted son Tiberius)
Why did Augustus not choose his daughter Julia as his successor?
She’s a girl with an active social life
What was the “great age”?
Augustan Rome
What are the two views of Augustus?
1) Altruistic “knight” who saves the Romans from themselves
2) Autocrat who keeps power at all costs
Who changed the view of Augustus as a positive figure?
Ronald Syme - chapter called “dux” - general (title taken by Mussolini)
Augustan settlements established what?
secure and prosperous Roman state
