Winter Arc Flashcards by Unknown Unknown

What is the stages of the Big Bang Theory

Big Bang occurred 14 billion years ago from one point known as singularity
Universe made up of high energy radiation and quarks
rapid expansion and cooling
Quarks come together to form protons and neutrons
Further expansion and cooling allowed nuclei to form
after further expansion and cooling temp fails sufficiently to enable electrons to form
7.Electronscombined with neutrons and protons to form atoms of hydrogen

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Life cycle of star if its similar to Sun

Protostar —>Main Sequence Star —> Red Giant —> White Dwarf —> Black Dwarf

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Life cycle of star if its larger than star

Protostar —>Main Sequence Star —> Red Supergiant —> Supernova —> Black hole OR Neutron Star

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What do waves do

Transfer energy from one point to another through vibrations

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Whats a Transverse wave

Particles of the medium vibrate at 90 degrees to the direction of wave travel(energy flow)

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Example of Transverse waves

EM waves, Water Waves

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Whats a longitudinal wave

Particles of the medium parallel vibrate to the direction of wave travel (energy flow)

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Example of longitudinal wave

sound and ultrasound

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What are the three wave properties

Amplitude
Wavelength
Frequency

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What is Amplitude

Maximum displacement of the wave from its undisturbed position

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What is Wavelength

Distance between a point on wave and the next point which is in the same state of vibration

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What is Frequency

Number of waves produced in 1 second (Hz)
F = No. of waves divided by time(in seconds)

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What do displacement- Distance wave graphs give information about

Amplitude
Wavelength

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What are the three wave equations

V = Fxλ
F = v divided by λ
λ =V divided by F

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What do displacement- Time wave graphs give information about

Amplitude
Frequency

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What do the three wave equation symbols stand for λ, V, F

λ= wave length
V= wave speed
F= Frequency

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What is the properties of the electromagnetic spectrum

All transverse waves
All travel at the same speed in a vacuum

What is the uses and dangers of Radiowave

Uses: Communication and Radio Entertainment

Dangers: Large doses believed to be able to cause cancer , leukaemia and other disorders

What is the uses and dangers of Microwaves

Uses: Heating food, communication by sending information to and from satellites in space

Dangers: cause internal heating of body tissues and burns. the heat which is released can damage or kill healthy cells

What is the uses and dangers of Infrared

Uses: Infrared cameras, cooking in toasters and grills, TV remotes, optical fibres for communication

Dangers: Burns, infrared from sun cause sunburn, cells absorb too much infrared radiation the heating will damage or kill cells

What is the uses and dangers of Visible Light

Uses: seeing objects, used in optical fibres e.g. endoscopes to see into patients bodies

Dangers: very intense visible light can damage retina at back of eye

What is the uses and dangers of Ultraviolet

Uses: security coding of equipment, sunbeds

Dangers: Can cause skin cancer by ionising cells under skins surface

What is the uses and dangers of X-Rays

Uses: Looking at bones in body

Dangers: can cause cancer if absorbed by cells (ionisation can occur)

What is the uses and dangers of Gamma

Uses: Used to kill cancer cells, kill bacteria in food, sterilise surgical equipment

Dangers: Can cause cancer by damaging healthy cells if it is absorbed

What is the law of reflection

Angle of incidence = angle of reflection (for a plane mirror)

What is the properties of an image in a plane mirror

Virtual Same size as object Laterally inverted (left right swapped) Same distance behind the mirror as the object is in front of it

What does Refraction mean

Bending of light as it passes from one material into another. This happens due to a change of speed.

What is the steps of the refraction practical

Trace around a glass block Draw the normal measure angles of incidence with protractor shine ray of light along each angle of incidence mark where the ray leaves the block remove block and join where ray entered and left the block Measure angle of refraction repeat for 5 different angle of incidence

What is the conclusion of the refraction practical graph

all points lie on trend line meaning there is a relationship between angle of incidence and angle of refraction. They are not proportional (graph isn't a straight line)

If light is moving into an object fast what happens

The light bends away from the normal

If light is moving into an object slower what happens

Light bends towards normal

What materials does light go through and speed up?

Glass to Air Water to Air Glass to Water

What materials does light go through and slow down?

Air to Water Water to Air Glass to Water

What factor affects the amount of refraction

The change of speed Larger change of speed, there will be more refraction

What is dispersion

When white light is passed through a glass prism it splits up into 7 different colours and the effect is called dispersion

What is the principal axis

Ray that enters lens on normal and isn't refracted

what is the optical centre

centre point of lens which principle axis passes through

What is the principal focus

point at which rays meet

What is the focal length

Distance between optical centre and principal focus

What is a magnifying glass

Convex lens used to make object appear much larger than it actually is

What is Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation

Left over energy from big bang

What is redshift ## Footnote sai jumped

doppler effect As object moves away from us the sound or light waves emitted by objects are stretched out which moves them towards red end of electromagnetic spectrum where light has longer wavelength