Winlow

Question 1

What has Globalisation led to?

Answer 1

A shift from industrial to late modern or postmodern de-industrialised society

Question 2

What have there been a loss of?

Answer 2

Trad male manual jobs

Question 3

What did WC men use trad male jobs for?

Answer 3

Expressing their masc by physical labour and providing for their families

Question 4

What new jobs have globalisation opened up?

Answer 4

The expansion of night time leisure economy e.g. clubs and pubs

Question 5

What has the night-time leisure economy provided?

Answer 5

Combination of legal employment, criminal opportunities and a means of expressing masc amongst WC men

Question 6

Who did Winlow study in 2001?

Answer 6

Bouncers in Sunderland in the North East

Question 7

What was Sunderland an area of?

Answer 7

De-industrialisation and unemployment

Question 8

What did working as bouncers provide the young men in Winlow’s study?

Answer 8

Paid work and opportunity for illegal business ventures

Question 9

What are some examples of illegal business ventures?

Answer 9

Drugs, duty free tobacco, alcohol and protection rackets and masc demonstration through violence

Question 10

What does Winlow draw on?

Answer 10

Cloward and Ohlin’s distinction between criminal and conflict subcultures

Question 11

What subculture was present in Sunderland?

Answer 11

Conflict

Question 12

What was there an absence of in Sunderland?

Answer 12

A professional criminal subculture

Question 13

AO3 - Support

Answer 13

Provides useful explanation as to how change opens criminal opportunities for men who are able to express masc through violence, by creating conditions for growth of organised criminal subculture